The impact of Work environment on employees satisfaction in 5 star Essay

The effect of Work condition on representatives fulfillment in 5 star inns in the USA - Essay Example There exists a noteworthy degree of formal information regarding the matter of representative fulfillment according to the workplace. This part will quickly assess explicit subject matters that evaluate how the various perspectives that structure the workplace, for example, general condition (societies and convictions), lodging condition (administration techniques and collaboration) and hierarchical conduct will encroach on the representative fulfillment. Likewise of intrigue are the subsequent consequences for efficiency. 1.2Work condition. Employee’s demeanor and conduct are impacted extraordinarily by the nature of their work conduct are influenced by the nature of their workplace Work condition can be separated into general condition (societies and convictions), lodging condition (initiative methodologies and collaboration) and individual effect. Jacques (1951) characterized hierarchical culture as the standard or customary methods of doing things which are shared to a more noteworthy or lesser degree by all individuals from an association and which new individuals must learn and mostly concur so as to be acknowledged in that association. As indicated by Cole and Thomson (1995) culture is depicted as a summation of qualities dreams points of view, gauges and methods of conduct in any association. Human asset systems impact forming the workplace. These procedures incorporate those exercises that are important in the enrollment of a workforce, furnishing representatives with their finance, drawing advantage designs, and administrating their work-life needs. The turn of events and usage of this asset is from an expansive perspective done so as to propel the organization’s goals.

Research Methods - Dissertation Proposal (Balanced Scorecards - Why to Essay - 1

Research Methods - Dissertation Proposal (Balanced Scorecards - Why to let it all out, how to create and actualize, how compelling are they ) - Essay Example Norton in 1992, in an article that showed up in the Harvard Business Review titled: â€Å"The Balanced Scorecard: Measures that drive performance.† This administration technique was formulated because of the way that while most money related measures had the option to follow the past exhibition of a business, they couldn't successfully survey the immaterial elements that contributed towards guaranteeing that the business held an upper hand in the commercial center (Rutan 1996). The Balanced Scorecard is in this manner a key proportion of execution, from the money related perspective as well as from an increasingly expansive based viewpoint that likewise empowers precise projection of future objectives and the level of adherence of the business to those objectives. The idea of execution measures was before evolved by Peter Drucker as Management by Objectives (Birnbaum 2000:43-52). Representatives in each office were to set out momentary targets, which were to be accomplished in side a specific cutoff time. Organizations, for example, General Motors and RCA Foods received this technique for the board, yet it was seen as insufficient because of the inability to consider the flighty human factor in real practice. There are two fundamental rules that drive the Balanced Scorecard. The first is that holding fast to carefully money related estimates prevents a company’s capacity to figure long haul esteem. The subsequent standard is that what gets estimated is the thing that really completes. (www.tqe.com). Along these lines, while the Balanced Scorecard holds customary monetary measures, it likewise incorporates such factors as clients, providers, innovation, procedure, workers and development. Along these lines, this methodology recognizes four particular territories that should be investigated: Kaplan and Norton advocate the structure of a thorough arrangement of build up a scorecard, to assess the status of the business and what should be done to improve or upgrade the scorecard to make it adjusted in all the four fronts

Let the Rush Begin

Let the Rush Begin So heres my introduction to Greek Life here at MIT. MIT has 26 fraternities and 5 sororities. The fraternities make up the Interfraternity Council, and the 5 sororities make up the Panhellenic Association. When I came to MIT for CPW, I didnt really understand what fraternities were outside of what Id watched in movies, and I didnt really plan on joining one at all either. I remember coming to MIT as a freshman and hearing everyone talking about fraternity rush and free food and all these really cool events, and I must admit the allure of steak and lobster dinners did grab my attention. What I did manage to learn about fraternities over the course of the year was that at MIT, theyre not like what the movies or the media often portray them as. I, myself, actually ended up finding a house that I felt really at home at, and ended up joining ZBT. Now with most things at MIT, I would suggest anyone to just check out fraternities and make up their own opinion of them. With anything, people react differently in different situations and feel comfortable in certain environments. A free meal or an outing to go paintballing is always also fun as well. Now here we are in September, rush began on Saturday afternoon with the Greek Griller where all the fraternities, independent living groups (ILGs) and the Panhellenic Association were all there either trying to invite freshmen to their events in the case of fraternities and ILGs or encouraging freshmen to register for recruitment in the case of Panhel. Waiting for the Greek Griller to begin. At the Greek Griller Rush started off for us on Saturday with a luau followed by steak and lobster dinner then casino night where we gave out iPods and XBOXes. Sunday, we went rock climbing, dim summing, ihopping, and F1 racing. Monday, we built potato cannons, went canoeing, and played pool at Jillians. [] A double piggy-back ride. Tuesday was more low key with a day out bowling, a roofdeck bbq, and then a LAN party. Wednesday, we went off to mini-golf. Rush is always a really awesome time because Im able to bond with my fraternity brothers and help bring in a new awesome class to share the house with. Its also a period of little sleep. Ive slept maybe 20 hours in the past 5 days. At the close of rush, I will be vacationing in an undisclosed location for three days so Ill be able to catch up on all the sleep I lost. Questions on Greek Life or ILGs? Leave me a comment or send me email, [emailprotected].

The Great Depression Essay - 961 Words

The Great Depression The great depression hit the nation quite hard with an un-comparable feeling of instability and weakness. The United States and other nations including Europe and Great Britain were quickly affected. The depression, caused by the fall of the stock market in 1929, caused many individuals to panic and the depression was everywhere by 1932. Many people were affected by the depression. Investors, the ordinary work force and consumers sank rapidly with the panic that spread across the world. The United States tried to gain security through several attempts at restoration. With the help of president Roosevelt and his attempt to restore security with The New Deal the nation would†¦show more content†¦Their attitude towards the economic downfall and the depression settling in was approached wrong in all ways. The only hope the U.S. would gain was the idea brought on by President Franklin Roosevelt. After Roosevelt?s election in 1932 he approached the situation with a brighter solution, and what would be known to the world as The New Deal. When all the sources of government had hopelessly failed many followed Roosevelt without an ounce of reluctance. Over twenty-five percent of the workforce was unemployed when he was elected. His first action was to reopen the banks across the nation and he did this by depositing savings guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. He issued the Federal Emergency Relief Act, which replenished the funds used by cities and states. The New Deal approached the nation with a strong backbone and gave the suffering individuals the support they needed and the stability to turn to. Roosevelt supplied these theories and backed them with acts and limits to many areas of the hurt economy. The Agricultural Adjustment Act paid farmers and limited the amount of production. The Civilian Conservation Corps hired many individuals and put them to work on improving the environment and also the community. The National Recovery Administration established codes of fair competition to limit competition and this in turn set the standards for many businesses to beShow MoreRelatedThe Depression Of The Great Depression1223 Words   |  5 Pagesfar-reaching consequences as the Great Depression. This experience was the most extended and severe depression of the Western world. It was an economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until 1939. A large amount of America’s labor force lost their jobs and suffered during this crisis. During the nation’s financial disaster, Franklin Delano Roosevelt became president and made extensive changes to America’s political structure. The effects of the Great Depression had lasting consequences that areRead MoreThe Depression Of The Great Depression1232 Words   |  5 Pagespeople think that the stock crash was to blame for the Great Depression but that is not correct. Both the crash and depression were the result of problems with the economy that were still underneath society s minds. The depression affected people in a series of ways: poverty is spreading causing farm distress, unemployment, health, family stresses and unfortunately, discrimination increases. America tended to blame Hoover for the depression and all the problems. When the 1932 election came peopleRead MoreThe Great Depression Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The world had faced two main economic problems. The first one was the Great Depression in the early of 20th Century. The second was the recent international financial crisis in 2008. The United States and Europe suffered severely for a long time from the great depression. The great depression was a great step and changed completely the economic policy making and the economic thoughts. It was not only an economic situation bit it was also miserable making, made people more attentionRead MoreThe Great Depression1292 Words   |  6 PagesBefore the crash Before the start of the great depression the United States was a country of great economic wealth, with new technology being invented and a boom in industry. Due to a boom in America’s Industry because of World War One the economy was at an all-time high with a tremendous amount of prosperity. Following the end of world war one the industrial might that America had was being used for peaceful, domestic purposes instead of being used for violence and war. New technologies like carsRead MoreThe Depression Of The Great Depression2071 Words   |  9 PagesPaul Von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler Chancellor on the 30th January 1933. The Depression did play a vital role in this, however other factors such as the Nazis propaganda, the resentment of the Weimar republic and the political situation of 1932-1933 also contributed to his success. Before the Great Depression, the Nazis gained 12 seats and 2.6% of the vote in the May election of 1928. Despite this, by July 1932, Hitler gained 230 seats and 37.3% of the vote in the Reichstag. This is a dramaticRead MoreThe Great Depression1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920’s was a decade of discovery for America. As mentioned in â€Å"who was roaring in the twenties? —Origins of the great depression,† by Robert S. McElvaine America suffered with the great depression due to several factors but it managed to stay prosperous at the end. In â€Å"America society and culture in the 1920’s,† by David A. Shannon there was much more to the great depression. It was a time of prosperity an economic change. Women and men were discovering who they were and their value to societyRead MoreThe Great Depression1551 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression was one of the most devastating events recorded in history. The nation as a whole plummeted in one econ omic downfall. Few individuals escaped the effects of the depression. The hardship of unemployment and the loss of homes and farms were a large portion of the pain caused by the economic crisis. Through all of these sufferings, women had a large impact on society. Women faced heavy discrimination and social criticism during the Depression Even though through research it is provenRead MoreThe Great Depression1186 Words   |  5 Pagesfriends is the true definition of of what the Great Depression really was. It was a time that most people want to never remember or ever happen again. You would think the United States would have learned from their mistakes but it seems we are going down the same road once again without even taking a step back and realizing it. When people talk about the Great Depression not a single person will have anything good to say about it. It caused families a great deal of pain that they will never forget. WithRead MoreThe Great Depression1368 Words   |  6 PagesAfter WW1 the Great Depression had a very late impact on the major film companies in France, when it did, it unfortunately caused several film studios to go bankrupt, then in the late 1920’s to 1930’s many small film companies and groups emerged giving birth to the tendency called poetic realism. Because the large companies who made films with a focus on making money were gone the filmmakers and artists were able to concern themselves with the art of film, they often took poetic innovations thatRead MoreThe Great Depression1133 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself,† is a famous quote once said during the Great Depression by Franklin D. Roosevelt. After one world war, great financial fallout, and another world war to follow, the twentieth century was already shaping out to be a handful. When the Great Depression was coming to an end and the economy was trying to turn around, jobs started opening up and a new wave of imm igrants came into New York, the Puerto Ricans. For some the American dream was to come to

The Dark Side of Suicide - 645 Words

The majority of people who commit suicide are psychologically and emotionally deranged. They are unhappy with their life or who they have become and they see death as the way out. They see death as freedom, something that will take them far away from the dreadful life they are living. The character Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller kills himself for this very reason and justifies it by allowing his family to have his $20,000 life insurance policy. As I said before, for many cases in which someone commits suicide, there is something mentally wrong with them. Willy Loman is a prime example of this mental craziness. He is often seen talking to people such as his dead brother, Ben, who he is quite envious of. He often puts on a false appearance to make himself look as if he is a big success. A lot of this stems from not being happy with his job situation. Willy likes to tell magnificent, and overwhelmingly false, stories about his business trips. He says that by just th e sound of his name buyers come frantically running to him. In actuality, it is the complete opposite. Linda says it best when she declares: When he brought them business, when he was young, they were glad to see him. But now his old friends, the old buyers that loved him so and always found some order to hand him in a pinch—they’ all dead, retired. He used to be able to make six, seven calls a day in Boston. Now he takes his valises out of the car and puts them back and takes them out againShow MoreRelatedCecilia s Death : The Virgin Suicides976 Words   |  4 Pageson Jeffrey Euginides’ The Virgin Suicides. The author shows how Cecilia’s suicide attempts led to more frightening events; the deaths of her sisters. Cecilia’s death did not remain mysterious, but became the explanation for her sisters’ suicides. The people in the Lisbon’s community did not remain curious as to what caused Cecilia’s death because they think that it is better to stop future incidents. The people of the community think that Cecilia and her suicides are the reasons for the death ofRead Mor eRejecting Social Norms: The Goth Subculture Essay1451 Words   |  6 PagesSteele, Gothic Dark Glamour, describes historical accounts of nomadic, warriors living in the forests of northern Europe in the third century A.D (3). These barbaric tribes, referred to as â€Å"Goths,† tore through the countryside killing people and destroying entire villages (Steele 4). Over the next hundreds of years, the obsession for the death and darkness evolved into more of a superstition and religious practice with the emergence of witchcraft and Satanism (Steele 5). This dark culture attractedRead MoreArgumentative Essay801 Words   |  4 PagesAcross the nation and world assisted suicide is an issue that has been gaining attention for several years. With famous cases such as Jack Kevorkian it has become a household term and everyone has an opinion. There are strong cases on both sides, but the bottom line is while it may sound good for the present, it is not for the future. Assisted S uicide should not be legalized in Alabama as the negative outcomes far exceed the positive outcomes in the areas of impact on society, politics and medicalRead MoreBruce Dawes Poetry1458 Words   |  6 Pagestheir own country to suffer in famine, even in today’s society, emphasises the poem’s connection to loneliness and oppression. ‘The Family Man’ is an elegy related to the themes of loneliness and oppression. The poem is about a man who committed suicide and his death comes as a surprise to his friends and family, as they believed that he was happy in life. However, the idea of the poem is to depict how appearances can be deceiving; the man had a family and a job, and he appeared to enjoy living hisRead MoreToulmin Model in Relation to Social Media Effects964 Words   |  4 Pagescareers, and being a haven for teen suicides, many misfortunes arise due to social media. People may not notice its damaging side effects yet it is slowly but surely proving detrimental to all involved in the game. By taking a step back and maintaining self-control, any human being immersed in the frenzy of social media can enjoy its perks without getting caught up in the whirlwind of unfortunate events. Keywords: social media, internet, cyber, cyber bullying, suicide, divorce, Facebook, MySpace, TwitterRead MoreThe Hardships through the Life of Pablo Picasso700 Words   |  3 Pagessocieties standards. He dropped out of school at age 16 to pursue a better art education. Picasso and one of his close friends moved to Paris looking better art opportunities. Picasso’s friend later that year committed suicide. These experiences led him to paint the blue period where many dark and depressing painting were created by him. The paintings during the blue period were exact reflections of the poverty, pain, and loss in Picasso’s life. One of the most famous paintings to come from his blue periodRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Smith And Solomon All In Song Of Solomon1267 Words   |  6 Pageswere successful were looked at with suspicion and envy by the rest of the community. With nothing to work for, suicide, escape and abandonment were common in black communities. However, stemmin g from the plight of the Igbos hundreds of years ago who â€Å"flew all the way back to Africa,† committing suicide, escaping from white rule and abandoning their families, oppressed blacks regarded suicide, escape and abandonment as a way to â€Å"fly away† from the horrors faced in their life. It changed the normallyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel The Catcher In The Rye1230 Words   |  5 Pagesdepression, so they had the ideas to commit suicide just like main character Holden Caulfield, in the novel, The Catcher in the Rye. The author, J.D. Salinger used a creative way and interesting tone to show miserable of the teenage stresses to the reader. In the book, Holden has to face the not only the stress comes from his parents, school, friends, but also himself and without support. Especially, as he keeps exploring, he realizes the other dark side of the world. It is the world with only violenceRead MoreA Few Days By Michael Cunningham1572 Words   |  7 Pagesweaknes s is themselves. The constant appearance of mirrors sheds light on superstition, helping us better understand Laura’s connection with Mrs. Dalloway. She contemplates life and whether or not it is worth living. Constantly thinking about suicide creates a dark gloom over her that only leaves when she becomes truly free. A lot of her reasoning behind not killing herself is because she would end her future daughter’s life as well. Looking into the medicine cabinet mirror, â€Å"for an instant, no moreRead MoreBatman and the Bush Administration Essay1110 Words   |  5 Pagesdepicted in The Dark Knight, the Joker plays the terrorist, while Gotham’s leadership struggles to contain him. The film departs from the superhero ideals of pure good versus pure evil, showing a murky world where moral decisions have to be made in order to stop evil. Because of this, The Dark Knight seems to be an allegory for the War on Terrorism. This paper will look at how the Joker represents terrorism, whi le Batman represents George Bush and his administration’s War on Terror. The Dark Knight opens

The Battle Of War Of 1916 - 1456 Words

arch 11, 1778 – Lieutenant Gotthold Frederick Enslin becomes the first documented service member to be dismissed from the U.S. military for homosexuality. Under an order from General George Washington which states abhorrence and detestation of such infamous crimes, Lt. Enslin is drummed out of the Continental Army after being found guilty of sodomy. March 1, 1917 – The Articles of War of 1916 are implemented. A revision of the Articles of War of 1806, the new regulations detail statutes governing U.S. military discipline and justice. Under the category Miscellaneous Crimes and Offences, Article 93 states that any person subject to military law who commits assault with intent to commit sodomy shall be punished as a court-martial may†¦show more content†¦1941 – The U. S. Selective Service System includes homosexual proclivities as a disqualifying condition for inclusion in the military draft. 1942 - Military psychiatrists warn that psychopathic personality disorders make homosexual individuals unfit to fight. The military issues the first formal regulations to list homosexuality as an excludable characteristic. Those in the military identified as homosexuals can be discharged and denied veterans benefits. January 20, 1950 – Army Regulation 600-443 is published, identifying three categories of homosexuals. Those deemed to be aggressive are placed in Class I and are subjected to general court-martial. Homosexuals considered active but non-aggressive are placed in Class II and can avoid a court-martial by accepting a dishonorable discharge – or resigning, if they are officers. Personnel professing or exhibiting homosexual tendencies without committing a violation of the sodomy statute are designated Class III, and can be removed from service under general or honorable discharge. May 31, 1951 – The Uniform Code of Military Conduct is adopted. Article 125 forbids sodomy among all military personnel, defining it as any person subject to this chapter who engages in unnatural carnal copulation with another person of the same or opposite sex or with an animal is guilty of sodomy. Penetration, however slight, is sufficient to complete the offence. The 1951 Manual for Courts-Martial provides an even more explicit

Construction In Saudi Arabia -Market Strategies free essay sample

The Saudi Arabian construction industrys growth prospects by market, project type and type of construction activity †¢Analysis of equipment, material and service costs across each project type within Saudi Arabia †¢Critical insight into the impact of industry trends and issues, and the risks and opportunities they present to participants in the Saudi Arabian construction industry Assessment of the competitive forces facing the construction industry in Saudi Arabia, and profiles of the leading operators †¢Data highlights of the largest construction projects in Saudi Arabia. Browse Full Report With TOC: http://www. marketresearchreports. biz/analysis-details/construction-in-saudi-arabia-key-trends-and-opportunities-to-2017 Executive summary The Saudi Arabian construction industry registered a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6. 94% during the review period (2008–2012). Industry expansion was supported by the government’s initiatives to transform the country from an oil-based economy to one more reliant on manufacturing and services. This resulted in significant investments in infrastructure development, which positively affected other markets in the industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Construction In Saudi Arabia -Market Strategies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Population growth and a rise in disposable income also increased the demand for residential, commercial and institutional buildings. The industry is expected to record a forecast-period (2012–2017) CAGR of 5. 54%, driven by an increase in government expenditure on infrastructure construction. Scope This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the construction industry in Saudi Arabia. It provides. Historical (2008-2012) and forecast (2013-2017) valuations of the  construction industry in Saudi Arabia using construction output and value-add methods †¢Segmentation by sector (commercial, industrial, infrastructure, institutional and residential) and by project type †¢Breakdown of values within each project type, by type of activity (new construction, repair and maintenance, refurbishment and demolition) and by type of cost (materials, equipment and services) †¢Analysis of key construction industry issues, including regulation, cost management, funding and pricing †¢Assessment of the competitive environment using Porter’s Five Forces analysis †¢Detailed profiles of the leading construction companies in Saudi Arabia To Get Download Full Report with TOC: http://www. marketresearchreports. biz/sample/sample/188520 Reasons to buy identify and evaluate market opportunities using Timetrics standardized valuation and forecasting methodologies. Assess market growth potential at a micro-level with over 600 time-series data forecasts †¢Understand the latest industry and market trends †¢Formulate and validate business strategies using Timetrics critical and actionable insight †¢Assess business risks, including cost, regulatory and competitive pressures †¢Evaluate competitive risk and success factors Key highlights †¢According to the Central Department of Statistics and Information, Saudi Arabia’s population increased from 28. 4 million in 2011 to 29. 2 million in 2012, registering an annual growth of 2. 9%. This growth was significantly lower than the last five-year (2008–2012) average rate of 3. 2%, as the birth rate (per 1,000) declined from 23. 6 in 2007 to 21. 8 in 2012. The gender distribution of the population remains skewed, with males accounting for 55% of the total population and females accounting for 45. 0%. According to UN estimates, Saudi Arabia’s population is expected to reach 33. 5 million by 2020. †¢The unemployment rate averaged at 5. 37% during 2009–2012, but fell to 5. 1% in 2013. The reduction has been attributed to government policies in early 2013, aimed at reducing the number of unskilled expatriates in the labor force, which initially had an adverse effect on sectors that were dependent on that form of labor. However, it has resulted in a number of individuals being able to find jobs. Timetric expects this scheme, along with the general economic performance, to bring the unemployment rate down to 4. 9% by 2017.

The Downfall Of China Essay Example For Students

The Downfall Of China Essay China is the perfect example of what happens when one leader is given to much power. The leaders of China were each very afraid of social reform, and the consequences that outside influence may have on their customs. As a means of initiating reform, they shut the entire Western world out almost completely. At the time it was a move that served China well but in the long run it was the downfall of China. While blindfolded, the Chinese were unable to see the great advancements of the Western world. With an egocentric government, the Chinese citizens were neglected outside of the palace walls and the country fell to shambles. Instead of stimulating economic growth the government suppressed it as the rest of the world advanced. While focused on fear of internal rebellion the Chinese leaders overlooked the status of their army and were not prepared for the rest of the world as they fell so far behind in almost every advancement. Had China remained in contact with the Western world it woul d have been possible for them to be as advanced a civilization as the Western world. As the Chinese government had their head buried in the sand with worry over losing control of their empire, they neglected to maintain the basic essentials of a functional country. All of Chinas canals eventually decayed as they were left unrepaired for years, the ironworks that China once prided itself one became obsolete with out a second look, and the army itself was no match for any Western army. The merchants were of no avail to the poor Chinese civilians as their profits on land and education. Upon shutting out the rest of the world China had forbidden the use of a printing press. The expression of social criticism and news of the outside world was banned. The people of China had no idea what was happening. When the doors had been shut from the outside world Europe was not as highly advanced as China. Europeans lived in crowded cities with rodents and foul odors. The Chinese for a period of ti me lived with the fresh scent of flowers and tea. As China internally decayed the citizens had nothing to compare it to for they had always been ahead of Europe in almost everything for so many centuries. After the thirteenth century Western civilization flourished. In Western Europe the governments encouraged industrial growth and individual commerce as a means of keeping ahead of the competition. With each distinct country competing with each other a variety of individual trades were created eventually sparking the Industrial Revolution. As a result of heavily trading around the world, each country became very wealthy, and as such their internal economies grew. In Great Britain without government suppression on individual companies they were able to build the most powerful navy in the world, and colonize in many different countries. As China was suffering from economic rot, they paid no attention to the world around them. They did not realize that the rest of the world was waiting to conquer China and divide the winnings. When Chinese officials refused to continue trading with the British they initiated the Opium Wars. The final result of the Opium War was almost devastating. They were forced to sign an unfair treaty with Britain. Under the treaty, the opium trade was legalized and the Guangzhou monopoly was ended as Xiamen, Ningbo, Fuzhou, and Shanghai was also opened to trade. The island of Hong Kong became a British base and Britain established the right to supervise and inspect a published tariff structure on Chinas trade. Finally, China, already reeling from trade imbalance, was compelled to pay a war indemnity of $21 million. China was very focused on keeping the Japanese and Portuguese pirates away from their shores. While they were distracted every other European country continued to build their armies at a rapid speed. With new technology, the Western world left China behind and continued to invent more lethal weapons. As China was busy fighting off predators they had no extra time to keep up. As all of their iron factories were obsolete they had no cost, efficient method. Because of their military weakness they lost all of the Opium Wars which resulting in crippling economic losses. Thinking that things couldnt get worse internal upset led to the Taiping Rebellion, which resulted in the deaths of twenty million people. The loss was yet another drastically unfavorable blow to the Chinese economy. Shortly following the Taiping Rebellion the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 further damaged China. The rest of the world was just waiting to take a piece of China at this point. The Boxer Rebellion only made their situation worse. The Chinese needed reform and fast. It wasnt until January first, 1912 that Dr. Sun Yat-sen was to be sworn in as the first president of the provisional government of Chinas new Republic. .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d , .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d .postImageUrl , .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d , .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d:hover , .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d:visited , .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d:active { border:0!important; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d:active , .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Who Is the Tragic Hero, Antigone or Creon? Essay We will write a custom essay on The Downfall Of China specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Crippling defeat during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95It was ignorant on Chinas part to assume that Europe wouldnt try to colonize their country. Had China not shut out the Western world they would have been able to keep advancing their armys equipment. As a result they might have been able to fight off the British and the French during the Opium Wars. The Russians would have been happy to assist in return for a trading agreement. Fortunately China ended up with a new Republic and managed to maintain order and participate in the last years of the Industrial Revolution. In closing, had China not shut out the Western world as a means of defense they might have been one of the leading countries in the world today. Political Issues

Cola Wars Continue - Coke and Pepsi in 2010 Essays - Coca-Cola

Cola Wars Continue - Coke and Pepsi in 2010 Essays - Coca-Cola Cola Wars Continue - Coke and Pepsi in 2010 Analysis Coke and Pepsi are companies that operated in a "carbonated soft drink (CSD) industry" (p.1). However, they have been introducing more of non-CSD drinks and becoming an overall beverage industry. In order to further analyze the industry, Michael Porter's five forces framework, competitive strategies and resources and capabilities helps determine the attractiveness of the overall industry. Carbonated Soft drink industry analysis Threat of new entry Threat of new entrants is low since the industry has already developed a high barrier that is difficult for new arrivals to enter or survive. The major companies in this market are Coke and Pepsi that have made huge and risky capital investment throughout the years. One of the spendings was towards marketing campaigns for advertisements, rebranding, sponsorships, and promotion in their brand that created a strong brand loyalty for buyers to rely on and prefer over new arrivals (p. 9-10). As well as, it is difficult for new entrants to gain buyers access, so entrants should think of a way to get their products on the self- space, because running a successful business is highly depends on how much sales they can generate. New entrants need have their product to be innovative in order to enter in the industry because Coke and Pepsi already established a strong uniqueness. Therefore, the threat of new entrants is re latively low for CSD industry. Bargaining power of buyers: Buyers of CSD industry is the retail channels such as are supermarkets, vending machines, fountain outlets, mass merchandisers, and more (p.4). These buyers have medium to high power in the industry because some of these buyers contribute for huge part of the revenue for Coke and Pepsi. For supermarkets, they generate $12 billion of CSD products in U.S., with that high amount, it causes huge demand from CSD companies to display their products. Yet there is strong self-space pressure since retailers only want to stock their self with popular brands. So buyers have the options to switch and try other brands (p.4). Therefore, the bargaining power of buyers is medium to high in CSD industry. Bargaining power of suppliers Suppliers in CSD are concentrated, sweeteners, and packaging. Commodities like coloring, caffeine, citric acid, caramel, natural flavors, and metal cans are standardized materials with no differentiation so they can be easily available in the market (p.5). As metal cans turn out to be very attractive and friendly packaging materials, Coke and Pepsi became the largest consumers of metal cans. To name few cans supplier are Rexam, Ball, and Crown Cork ning power of suppliers are low (p.5) . Threat of substitutes There are many substitute products at that time, which includes milk, coffee, bottled water, juice, tea, wine, sports drinks, and more. There were some health issues from drinking CSD, like obesity and "high fructose corn syrup as unnatural" (p.9), causing some of the substitute products to have few benefits compared to drinks from Coke and Pepsi. This causes buyers to purchase healthier alternative drink, thus decreasing in sales for Coke and Pepsi. So both companies changed the ingredient from corn syrup to natural sugar in drinks, which had lower health issue (p.9-10). Consumers are buyers' private label drinks, which is a cheaper price compared to Coke and Pepsi (p.10). As a result, threat of substitutes is high for CSD industry. Competitive rivalry There are two major players in CSD industry are Coke and Pepsi. The competitive rivalry is high because both companies could receive any updated information about any external or internal changes being made from their rivals. For instance when both companies introduce new flavours. Coke presented Fanta and sprite while Pepsi launched Mountain Dew (p.6). With that both companies have spent amount of time and money in advertising and promoting which most of the massages indicates the superiority of their own brand over other (p.7). Also both coke and Pepsi were

Internal Combustion Engine Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internal Combustion Engine - Assignment Example Hence the internal combustion engine is the core component of any aircraft or car. The two-stroke and four-stroke engine are the most popular types of the internal combustion engine. It would be more feasible to first discuss the working of a four-stroke engine and then the working of a two-stroke engine, followed by its advantages and disadvantages. The cylinder is the core of the engine. The piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and down within the cylinder. There may be more than one cylinder present in different alignments based on the nature of the vehicle. The spark plug supplies the spark at regular intervals which is required to ignite the air/fuel mixture present inside the cylinder [2]. Two valves are present. The inlet valve allows the flow of air and fuel into the cylinder. The outlet valve allows the exhaust to flow out of the cylinder. The most important point is that both the valves must be closed during the process of compression and combustion so that the cylindrical chamber remains sealed [3]. The connecting rod is a piece of metal that connects the piston and crankshaft. Both the ends of the connecting rod can rotate so that its angle can be adjusted according to the motion of the piston and crankshaft. The up and down motion of the piston is converted into circular motion with the help of the crankshaft. The crankshaft is surrounded by a sump and engine oil gets collected in the sump.The four strokes include intake stroke, compression stroke, combustion stroke, and exhaust stroke [4]. Initially, the piston is at the top of the combustion chamber. First, the intake valve opens and this allows the piston to move down the cylindrical chamber. The descending motion of the piston allows the engine to take fuel (gasoline) and air inside the cylinder and the cylinder is gets filled with air and fuel. Air serves as an oxidizer for combustion. These events constitute the intake stroke.

Organizational Development in HRD Case Study Research Paper

Organizational Development in HRD Case Study - Research Paper Example She manages the situation stating that knowing more about the history and long term objectives of the firm is essential to answer their queries. The members are happy with the interaction as they have little knowledge about CQI. Stepchuck is taking advantage of the client’s ignorance by assigning Todd as an expert in CQI. Although Todd is genuine and wants to ensure openness, the president insists her to continue with the project. Now Todd has two options; either quit the job or take up the role of CQI expert. (1). At this juncture, the new job raises certain ethical dilemmas that Todd has to address immediately. Both ‘role ambiguity and role conflict’ are identified in the context, because as stated above â€Å"neither the client nor the OD practitioner is clear about the respective responsibilities† (p. 62). Moreover, the role ambiguity and role conflict will lead to subsequent dilemmas especially ‘coercion, value and goal conflict, and technical ineptness’. To illustrate, Todd does not want to jeopardize her honesty while working with the new project. At the same time she wants to help her client in some way, though CQI is not her cup of tea. The current dilemmas can be solely attributed to the unethical stance of Todd’s employer, because his intention is entirely different from that of the client firm and his staff Todd. Evidently, Stepchuck is running a profit driven business heeding little attention to the actual needs or interests of the clients. As the case indicates, if the client is not sure about the issues they want to address, an unethical professional like Stepchuck tends to take unfair advantage of the situation. Even if Todd undertakes the assignment, she may have to face challenges associated with the stated dilemmas. (2). The way Todd responded to the situation at the meeting seems reasonable. A professional like Todd does not want to disclose the

The development of the low cost airline industry in asia

The development of the low cost airline industry in asia 1. Introduction This report will address the assignment topic. ‘Discuss the development of the low cost airline industry in Asia. The topic chosen for this report is the development of Low cost airline in Asia Tourism industry. To address the complexities of this topic, it is necessary to begin the report with an understanding of low cost airline and Aisa tourism industry. In a broader area, it is necessary to concern the impacts of Aisa, and implication for the future. It is important to keep in mind the global impact on the Tourism Industry that these changes could have. However, base on the limitation of time and information, this report will focus on China, Hong Kong, and Japan to investigate all of the issuse of low cost airline.Moreover, because these three regions are most popular to discuss and people will familiar with the situations of these regions.Therefore, the following content will investigate these three regions and all of the issues. 2. What is Low Cost Airline? According to ITF (2002), the operation model of low cost carrier is point to pint services, usually low cost carriers will mainly focus on short haul flight between 400 -600 nautical miles, even they will not have catering and entertainment service inflight. Moreover, they will use one aircaft type to enhance the utilisation and reduce the maintanace cost; also they will often using secondary airports with cheaper landing charges. In addition, they will focus on the lower income market and base on the time of booking and choice of flight 3. The Developmet of Low Cost Airine Refer to Thomas Bieger, Andreas Wittmer (2006), in the early 1970s, the first Low cost airline mode was operated by Southwest Airlines in the United Stated. For the charateristics of this mode, the Southwest Airlines was just providing the single class and no frills air travel services that means they will no provide the meal and snacks, and just provide the economic class for passengers. Moreover, the fare price was low and high restriction, that means the fare will have a high penality for those who need to change the time and location of the fare. Base on the liberalisation, deregulation and release of open skies policy. More Low cost airline was inccur and base on the growth of air travel (WTO 2002), the demand of aircraft was huge. Therefore, air travel was a potental market to develop. For the development of Asia, In 1998 the two low-cost carriers, Skymark Airlines and Air Do, entered, respectively, the Tokyo-Fukuoka route and the Tokyo-Sapporo route. In South Korea, the LCCs, Hansung Airlines and Jeju Air, entered the domestic market in 2005 and 2006 respectively, and two more LCCs, namely, Yeongnam Air and Jin Air, just entered the market in July 2008. In Hong Kong and Macau, the two Special Administrative Regions of China, Oasis Hong Kong and Viva Macau are the respective LCCs, both serving long-haul international routes in effect, established in 2004 Viva Macau is the first long-haul LCC in Asia In 2005, the first low costairline was established in China which was Spring airline. Spring Airline was established by Spring Travel and their operation model was quite similar to Southwest Airliness, they also just provide single class and no frills services. Spring Airine was just provide the domestic flight and have about 34 routes within China. 4. Feasibility Study of Potential Market According to World Airline Report (2008), In 2008 the Revenue passenger kilometreswas about 355,243. For 2009 the Revenue passenger kilometres was about 313,469.Although, the revenue was decrease about 11.8% (Figure, 2). However, it was huge revenue for the airline idustry within Asia Pacific. On the othe hand, in 2009 the amount of passengers was abot 75,363,000 and in 2008 the amount of passengers was about 84,586,000 (Figure, 2), and decrease about 10.9%. However, it can prove that the Asian market still have a large demand of the aviation industry. 3. 1 China Base on the World Tourism Organisation Report (2004), About 108 million foreign visitors travelled to China, and 18 percent increase from 2003 and a 10 percent increase from 2002.Foreign tourists who stayed at least overnight reached 41 million, up 24 percent from 2003 and 11 percent from 2002. Moreover, foreign exchange revenue from tourism reached 25 billion US dollars, a 47 percent increase from2003 and a 25 percent increase from 2002. In addition, the number of domestic tourists will reach 930 million.Domestic tourism revenue isexpected to exceed 400 billion Yuan, 5.9 percenthigher than that of 2003 and 3.1 percent higher than that of 2002. 3.2 Hong Kong On the other hand, in 2004, Hong Kong obtained over 21.8 million tourist arrivals, representing an increase of 40.4% as compared to 2003.Moreover,the strong performance of the tourism industry was mainly attributable to the spectacular growth of the Mainland arrivals, especially after the implementation and continual expansion of the Individual Visit Scheme which covers residents of Beijing, Shanghai Guangzhou, under the auspicesof the Close Economic Partnership Agreement(CEPA) with Mainland China. During 2004, over 12.2 million Mainland tourists visited Hong Kong,with over 4.2 million travelling under the Individual Visit Scheme. Meanwhile, other major overseas markets also exceeded pre-SARS level andare growing healthily. 3.3 Japan According to World Tourism Organisation Report (JNTO) international visitors to Japan in 2004 (January to December) is estimated to be 6.1million tourists, up 17.9% from last year. Base on World Tourism Organisation Report (2004), the total number of Japanese travellers to Republic of Korea in 2004 was 2.4 million tourists and it exceeded the same figure in 2002. This is attributed to the popularity of Korean TV dramasinJapan.The total number of Japanese travellers to China in 2004 (January to November) was 3 million. The total number of Japanese travellers who went to Taiwan, province of China and Singapore was 890,000 and 598,000 respectively. Both figures exceeded 2003 figures when SARS was an issue, but did not reach the figure of 2002. 4. Low Cost Carrier Contribution in China According to Civil Aviation Administration of China Report, In 2007, GDP reached 24.6619 trillion yuan, an increase of 11.4%, the fifth consecutive year growth rate of more than 10%. Base on the CAAC report, over the last five years Chinese civil aviation has seen a rapid growth, averaging 20 % annual growth rate. In 2007, the completion of the total Transportation turnover 36.53 billion ton-km, passenger turnover 279.17billion person- kilometers, passenger transport volume of 190 million passengers, cargo and Mail turnover 11.64 billion tonkm, cargo and mail transport volume of 4.019 million tons, respectively, compared with 19.5% last year17.8%, 16.3%, 23.5%, and 15.0% (Figure 1,3) Low cost airline to complete a total turnover of 1.85 billion ton-km, an increase of 216.9 percent, accounting for 5.1% of the industry, an increase of 3.2 percentage points (Figure 2) 4.1 Low Cost Carrier Contribution in Hong Kong By the Census and Statistics Department report (2008), In the first quarter of 2008, Hong Kongs GNP increased by 6.5% over a year earlier to $427.3 billion at current market prices. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP), estimated at $409.3 billion at current market prices in the same quarter, recorded a 9.6% increase during the period. Compared with GDP, the value of Hong Kongs GNP was larger by $18.0 billion in the first quarter of 2008, representing a net external factor income inflow of the same amount, and equivalent to 4.4% of GDP in that quarter. Moreover, Hotel occupancy across all categories of hotels in January 2009 was 79%, eight percentage points lower than in January 2009. The geographic locations with the highest occupancy were Yau Ma Tei/Mong Kok, where hotels recorded average occupancy rate of 85%. The average achieved hotel room rate across all hotel categories was HK$1,117, 10.3% lower than in January 2008. 4.3 Low Cost Carrier Contribution of Japan According to Department of National Accounts Economic and Social Research Institute Cabinet Office, the report of Quarterly Estimates of GDP (2009), the GDP offirst quarterly was about 521,560 trillion yen, and in 2008 the GDP of first quarterly was about 569,139 trillion yen. Moreover, for the private consumption between 2008 and 2009, the amount of privateConsumption in 2008 was about 312, 069 and in 2009 was about 303,639 trillion yen. 5The Drawbacks of Low Cost Carrires Base on the analysis of China, Hong Kong, and Japan, although low cost carrires canIncrease the econmoic level of these three regions. However, for the econonmic point of view, when the Gross Domestic Product getting increase, the cost of living will also getting increase. Becase of the inflation problem for the goods and products, people may not affordable to purchase the goods and products. Morover, it will also occurthe unequal income distribution, that means rich guy can get more rich and poor guy will get more poor.On the hand, when the demand of low cost airline increase, that mean the demand of air traffic will increase too. For this issue, it may occur the overcrowding for the airport. The capacity of the airport a limit, if too many flight come to the airport, it may occur the congestion of air traffic, the congestion of runway and apron and increase the accident rate of air traffic. Moreover, air traffic accounts in a sizeable way in the emissions of carbon dioxide the most credited international estimates go from a minimum of 3% to a maximum of 10%. However, Aviation accounts for 2% of man-made global carbon emissions, and with current global demand for the aviation industry increasing, it is predicted to grow to 3% by 2026. 6. Conclusion To sum up this report, after the analysis of the development of low cost Airline in Asia, all of the evidents and data can prove that low cost Airline a continue contribute the Asian regions such as China, Hong Kong, and Japan. Airline Industry is one of the key transports within Asia, the government of these regions, need to pay atttention to develop and control. But for the further development of Low cost airlines within Asia, there are some barrires will affect the expansion of Low cost carriers. The first one is the deregulation issued, China and Japan are more restrict their sky policy such as Chinese government will restirct the route of the flight and the price stucture of the air ticket, because the government will more protect the local airlines. Second, China and Japan are lack of secondary airport. For China areas, all of the major airports are main airport. If low cost carrires want to entry this market, they can not redcue the operation cost and can not compete with the regional airlines. Thrid, Hong Kong aviation market was monopoly by Cathy Pacify; the Oasis Hong Kong was a good example to prove that if the market was monpoly by a large airlineCompany, they can not survive. The last one is the fuel cost issue, although the international crude oil prices have recently fallen from the peak of US$70-odd to US$50-odd. However, the fuel cost is one of the major cost of airline companies. If the crude oil prices return to peak of US$70-odd or higher, the lost cost airline can not survive with this issue. Therefore, for the further development of Low cost carrires these kinds of issue are necessary to concern and may to have greater negotiation of all the countries to discuss all these issues.

Patricia MacLachlans Life Reflected in Sarah, Plain, and Tall :: Biography Biographies Essays

Patricia MacLachlan's Life Reflected in Sarah, Plain, and Tall Beyond MacLachlan's basic interest in creating a good children's novel in Sarah, Plain, and Tall, she also has a very personal investment in connecting her story and its characters with the many facets of her personal experiences: family, her beliefs, and her biography. It seems odd that an only child, from an intact family, would have the insight to write so detailed about the feelings of loss and a blended family. When asked â€Å"Do you think a family means a mother, and a father, and a child? Surprisingly, MacLachlan replied, â€Å"No, I don’t think that. And I never had.† MacLachlan went through a time when her own mother had Alzheimer’s disease and was losing her memory. MacLachlan stated, â€Å"In a sense, she was leaving me, though not because she wanted to. (Author Information; teachers@ran-dom.com) Her characters Anna and Caleb feel that same sense of loss as they remember their mother and learn to accept Sarah. MacLachlan felt there were extended people who became your â€Å"kind of; parents. For a lot of children she was their mother/grandmother surrogate. We (MacLachlan’s family) are very strongly connected, my children, myself and even my nieces and nephews. What I am most concerned about is who we are as family and how we effect each other. I didn’t have brothers or sisters, and this may be where it came from†. (â€Å"Author Information† teachers@-random.com). It is now easier to see how Anna and Caleb are so willing to take Sarah into their own family. The characters in the book don’t cling to who was a part of their original family, but instead like MacLachlan, focus on how each character effects each other. MacLachlan also wrote a series of journal articles on adoption and foster mothers which had a major impact on her life. It was clear to me that much of the focus of my writing was sharpened by my involvement and concern for families and children. This was partially the basis for her decision to write for children. She spends a lot of time listening to people talk and begins stories in her head.(Author Information teachers@random.com) It is clear to see that her inspiration came from many sources. What started out as a career in a seemingly separate field, overflowed into what is unique and central to the themes of her writings today. To understand the setting of the book Sarah,

Infective Endocarditis

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare but potentially severe, life-threatening infection of the inner lining of the heart and the surface of valves known as the endocardium. If IE is left untreated, local tissue destruction occurs and heart valves become damaged due to pathogen invasion resulting in severe regurgitation of blood. Consequently, the heart becomes less proficient at pumping blood around the body which can lead to congestive heart failure that is the main cause of death from IE1. IE is a rare affecting around 1 in 30,000 individuals each year in England but is important as despite antimicrobial therapy, severe complications including stroke, heart failure or even death2. Delayed clinical diagnosis of IE is common as the initial symptoms such as fever and fatigue are varied and non-specific. Early diagnosis is crucial to enable faster treatment of IE critical for reducing morbidity and mortality. This review will discuss the aetiology and pathophysiology of IE alongside the standard procedures used for diagnosis. Aetiology of IE:IE is mostly caused by gram-positive cocci with Streptococci, Staphylococci and Enterococci which usually originate from oral, skin and gastrointestinal tract flora respectively, accounting for 85% of cases3,4. IE can also be caused by fungal infections such as Candida or Aspergillus colonising the endocardium5. Individuals at risk of include those that inject drugs or have a central venous catheter inserted as medical instruments can be infected by opportunistic pathogens, so manipulation of the skin disrupts the physical barrier allowing transient bacteria to enter the bloodstream6. Despite medical advancements, rates of IE are increasing due to a rise in surgery for valve replacement2.Pathophysiology: Understanding the pathophysiology of IE provides an insight into disease progression and aids in diagnosis7. The endocardium has an outer endothelium with an underlying basal lamina and an inner sub-endothelial layer made of loose connective tissue, fibroblasts and collagen fibrils8. Despite the presence of transient bacteraemia in the bloodstream, IE is rare due to the resistance provided by the intact endothelium lining the heart valves, heart chamber and great vessels9. If endothelial erosion occurs by altered haemodynamics, valvular heart disease, or mechanical lesions from artificial heart valves, blood would be exposed to the sub-endothelial layer and to stromal cells, thromboplastin and collagen present3. Exposure results in activation of the coagulation cascade resulting in fibrin deposition and platelet aggregation7. Consequently, small masses known as sterile thrombotic vegetations mainly made of platelets, fibrin, red and white blood cells4 form on the damaged endothelium on cardiac valve leaflets resulting in non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis [Figure 1]. Vegetations are frequently found in low-pressure areas on cardiac valves due to the Venturi effect where blood flows to a lower-pressure area. Greater mechanical stresses are imposed on the left cardiac valves as blood is pumped under higher pressure. Thus, vegetations are usually identified by echocardiography on the atrial surface of the mitral valve and the ventricular surface of the aortic valve10. Knowing the common vegetation sites enables faster diagnosis of IE. Colonisation of an initially sterile vegetation may occur by adhesion of transient bacteria in the bloodstream [Figure 2]. Adhesion of gram-positive bacteria occurs as adhesins present on the surface of gram-positive bacteria recognise the exposed fibronectin, fibrinogen and platelets3. Bacterial colonisation and growth results in leukocyte infiltration into the vegetation further activating the host coagulation cascade. Vegetation enlargement occurs as bacteria grow and produce a biofilm made of polysaccharides and proteins which aids bacterial persistence11. Pathogen binding initiates neutrophil chemotaxis and infiltration occurs concentrating proteases and oxidative activities12 which can cause valvular damage and cusp perforation [Figure 2]. Thrombotic vegetations can disseminate and become septic emboli possibly resulting in the blockage of small vessels, organ failure or stroke if a cerebral artery is occluded13. Clinical presentation:Delayed diagnosis of IE is common as IE has varied presentations; therefore, blood cultures and echocardiography are predominantly used in diagnosis and clinical presentations are used to help guide diagnosis. IE is traditionally classified as either acute where a sudden development of IE occurs within days, or as subacute if a gradual development of IE occurs over weeks to a few months14. Patients usually present with persistent or recurrent fever, chills, or with non-specific and highly variable symptoms such as malaise, night sweats, myalgia, arthralgia or anorexia16. If the onset of the disease process is slow, classic examination findings such as Osler nodes (red nodular lesions found on fingers and toes), Roth spots (a white-centred haemorrhage in the retina) and Janeway lesions (non-tender, haemorrhagic plaques usually on palms and soles)15 may present [Table 1]. Auscultation of the heart is important as regurgitant murmurs are identified in nearly half of patients16. Identifying regurgitant murmurs is critical as murmurs are a result of valvular insufficiency which commonly develops as a result of IE. As clinical presentations are non-specific and highly variable, a low threshold criterion for further investigation is needed to avoid delay in identifying individuals with IE16. Diagnosis:Rapid diagnosis of IE is essential to initiate antibiotic therapy and avoid progressive, irreversible valve damage7. In comparison to the original Von Reyn criteria for the diagnosis of IE which only consisted of clinical and microbiological investigations, the modified Duke criteria is used in secondary care as the latter is more effective in diagnosis by incorporating echocardiographic findings18 to provide a greater insight into any endocardial pathogenesis [Table 1]. Two major, one major with three minor, or five minor criteria are required for a definitive diagnosis. For example, an echocardiogram showing endocardial involvement alongside a positive blood culture result is sufficient for a definitive diagnosis of IE [Table 1]. Possible diagnosis of IE requires at least one major and one minor criterion or three minor criteria. In clinical practice, the Duke criteria is used but does not replace clinical judgement otherwise misdiagnosis or delayed would result due to the varied clinical presenations19. Microbiological Tests: Identifying underlying microbial aetiology is essential for optimal individual patient treatment. Microbiological tests are performed to identify positive blood cultures. Prior to initiating antibiotic treatment, two sets of blood cultures are taken20. Incubation of a standard blood culture lasts for five days to recover nearly all cultivatable causes of IE21. However, negative tests in around 10% of patients22 may result from antibiotics being given prior to blood cultures or alternative diagnoses such as non-bacterial endocarditis. Around two-thirds of initially culture negative patients are identified as positive with further testing such as serological testing for Bartonella and Coxiella22; therefore, the incorporation of serological testing in the modified Duke criteria is critical to avoid delayed diagnosis. Echocardiography: Echocardiography is crucial in the diagnosis of IE and in predicting the embolic risk. Performing echocardiography as early as possible is essential to diagnose IE and thus initiate treatment23. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) can be involved in diagnosis [Figure 3]. In TTE the transducer is placed on the chest wall and sends out ultrasound waves which pass through the chest wall into the heart. As TTE is non-invasive, it is initially used to identify evidence of endocardial involvement that is stated in the modified Duke Criteria such as vegetations or valvular perforation24, [Table 1]. TTE has a lower sensitivity of 60-75% in comparison to TOE which is more than 90% sensitive; therefore, most patients also have the TOE test where the transducer is attached to a tube, is guided down the pharynx and larynx into the oesophagus to achieve a more detailed image of the heart23, [Figure 3]. Conclusion:Rapid diagnosis is critical as IE has high mortality with over a third of patients dying a year after diagnosis despite advancements in the sensitivity of the diagnostic criteria1. Delayed diagnosis contributes to mortality as vegetation enlargement and subsequent cusp perforation continues resulting in blood flow disruption, deterioration of cardiac function or systemic effects from emboli.

Reading Process - 1135 Words

The Nature of the Reading Process Reading is a complex process; it is not about identifying words but also about understanding them. Reading requires attending to the environment, encoding and interacting with the stimulus in a meaningful manner and linking the meanings of the stimulus with existing knowledge and prior experiences. Thinking Reading is a thinking process; it is not just about calling or recognizing the words on a page but understanding what was read. Therefore the reader must make inferences and think critically to understand the information presented. Thinking while reading will allow the reader to determine the author’s purpose, evaluate the information and apply the information presented in a meaningful way.†¦show more content†¦Children with a positive attitude towards reading will spend more time and effort on the reading process than those with a negative attitude towards reading. Positive attitudes towards reading are nurtured in the home †¢ children need to see parents reading, not just for work purposes but for pleasure †¢ children need to have access to different reading material †¢ parents need to read to children †¢ parents can listen to their children read Negative Attitudes †¢ parents do not read †¢ teachers do not read †¢ reading is used as punishment †¢ no books or other reading materials are provided †¢ reading is seen as a female activity in some homes Teachers also have a part to play in helping children develop a positive attitude to reading; they should enjoy reading and show it. Teachers should also: †¢ provide pleasurable reading experiences for children regularly †¢ allow time for recreational reading during school hours †¢ read aloud on a regular basis to children †¢ model good reading habits Teachers and parents must not use reading as a means of punishment. 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We tend to view reading as a typical learning process that all children learn and can do with ease since it appears that everyone learns to read in elementary school. However, when evaluating the reading process, it becomes complex with specific skills that must be learned in a systematic organized method. The systematic part is essential because one skill set builds upon the other. These systematic organized parts of reading are divided intoRead MoreReflection Of Reading : The Process Of My Reading Process711 Words   |  3 PagesMy reading process overall is very strong and went smoothly. As I read I annotated the pages and this helped me stay more focused and connected with the reading. Today it was hard for me after I went to the bathroom and came back to the reading because I disconnected from the reading and had to try and dive straight back in. I also put my cell phone far away from me when I read or do homework so that I will not be tempted to look at the phone instead of completing my reading. As I read I try toRead MoreThe Process Of Reading869 Words   |  4 PagesThe process of reading is made up of continuous rapid eye movements, called saccades intermingled with brief pauses, called fixations, during which the eyes remain relatively still (Rayner, 1998). During saccades, sensitivity to visual stimuli is reduced to allow the feeling of smooth reading; this phenomenon is called saccadic suppression (Matin, 1974). This means that visual information is only encoded during fixations, that usually occur once for each word (Holmqvist et al., 2011). The studyRead MoreThe Process Of Close Reading While Using Rhetorical Analysis Essay1864 Words   |  8 PagesThe Process of Close Reading While Using Rhetorical Analysis Introduction to Close Reading Rhetorical Analysis The close reading process of a rhetorical analysis includes breaking down an essay into different parts in order to create a certain affect towards the reader. In the article, â€Å"Should Writer’s Use They Own,† Young uses diverse language to address the idea of code meshing. Young’s rhetorical appeal in the article intersect with my reading experiences by creating a difficult read, that makesRead MoreReading Philosophy862 Words   |  4 PagesReading Philosophy In order for a child to excel in school they need to be well versed in reading therefore; I believe that it is vital for all children to learn to read. Not only should reading be a fun and enjoyable experience but something that influences the child to succeed in all subject areas. Reading is an integral part of life that needs to be mastered. A child can master the basics of reading in the early years and should be learned at that time due to the aggravation and frustration