Has international law governing the use of force dramatically changed Essay

Has international law governing the use of force dramatically changed since 2001 - Essay Example The charter terms use of force as a threat to the peace, a breach of the peace, or an act of aggression3. On the other hand, Article 2, paragraph 4 of the UN charter, prohibits use of force. It states that; all members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations4. This is just an emphasis of the mission of UN Charter as contained in Article1 (1) ‘Maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace.5’ the articles apply to all members and non-member state. Notwithstanding these provisions in the UN charter, there are two exceptions that allow use of force; Article 42 permits the council (and to member states) to ta ke appropriate measures to restore peace and international security. It states that the council has power to take any action where non-forcible measures have proven to be inadequate. However, the authorization to use force must be given by the Security Council alone and not members to decide to apply force6. The second exception is the general rule of using force for self-defense as stated in Article 51 of the UN Charter; ‘Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security7. However, Article 51 is not the only authority that permits use of force; the Customary International law has historically allowed the use of force for self-defense. The Customary International Law not only enforces Article 51 but also allows pre-emptive measures8. According to Wallenstein, â€Å"the customary right of self-defense is also accorded to States as a preventive measure, taken in ‘anticipation’ of an armed attack†9. The requirements giving rise to this customary right were enunciated in the widely cited Caroline incident, where in 1837, some British soldiers attacked an American boat; Caroline, set it on fire and the only justification the British gave was â€Å"for self-defense.† Accepting this explanation, the then American Secretary of State Daniel Webster set out the basic elements of the right, stating that there should be a â€Å"necessity of self-defense, instant, overwhelming, leaving no choice of means and no moment for deliberation10† The UN Security Council Res 1368 recognizes that the right for self-defense can be used to respond to terrorist attacks. On the Armed Activities Case; ICJ recognizes that there could be armed attacks by non-state actors in the absence of an effective government authority. However, wh ere the act of aggression is committed by a non-state actor, the act of self-defense can only be justified if that act of aggression is attributed to that State. The attacks are justified as long as the state acts as soon as the attacks have occurred or the enemies have set security threatening messages11. The charter states clearly states that a nation can use self-defense when the enemy has attacked them, simply implying that there must be evidence of armed attack. Thus,

Role of Women in Society Essay Example for Free

Role of Women in Society Essay Women’s Inequalities When you think of a CEO of a company or of world political leaders, do you think of a man or of a woman? Many, if not most of us, see these positions as being held by men. In this essay, I will explain why women are still not equal to men. In the first paragraph I will discuss inequalities that happen in the workplace. The second section will show the differences that occur within the athletic world. Thirdly, I will explain the differences in education and home life. The United States still seems to be reluctant, to grant true equality, even though we are approaching the twenty-first century, women are still not equal to men. In the workplace, women do not receive the same benefits that men do. Some women do the same job, for the same amount of hours, and still do not receive the same pay for their work. Is there a specific reason behind this? No, it is just one of the many inequalities that goes on the job. As pointed out in the essay by Susan Faludi, Blame it on Feminism, women earn less. The average women’s paycheck is twenty percent less than their male counterparts. Men with only high school education’s make more than some women who have graduated college. Most women are still working. Read more:Â  Role of Women in Modern Society Womens role in society A great deal of debating goes on concerning the role of women in society. How is it that in todays world, where everyone preaches about the value of equality, women still do not occupy the same social, economical or political position as men do? Women try relentlessly to mark their presence outside their kitchens and laundry rooms, yet in the same relentless manner they are being reminded of the true calling of their nature, which limits their perspective for a much more fulfilling life. Whether women ever stood equal with males on a physical and intellectual level in the eyes of society we dont know. Sure, in every era there are heroic and powerful women, but although equal of men, they became his inferior due to pregnancy, birth, etc., forcing them to look to men for protection and economic assistance This dependency, especially economic dependency, became the basis of womens slavery, which often existed, and still exists, after the dependent condition was long gone. In almost every family a man would be the sole provider for the entire family, and although this task comes with an enormous amount of responsibility.

The Role Of Language Essay -- essays research papers

The Role of Language Can contemporary discourse presume a community of interest? In order to answer this question, one is forced to first answer the question, can language be used to reveal anything new? If the answer is yes, then how can it do this and how can we employ it to do this for us. Also, one is forced to ask what is it exactly that we are looking for? Once we’ve found it, how can we use it to improve our present condition? Plato and Descartes both believe that language can indeed improve our conditions through it’s revelation, and both give methods to attain new knowledge. Although vastly differing, in that Descartes builds knowledge from the ground up, while Plato works from a distorted view, and seeks to clarify it, their philosophies mean the most, and have the highest practical purpose when they are employed together. By basing a Socratic argument on Descartes’ pre-established truths, one can attain undoubtable new knowledge. This knowledge can, and will improve societ y. The reason it will do this is explainable by looking at the tendency that man has to correct himself once he knows in certitude that he has been mistaken in his actions. Any enlightened individual who has, in the past, made mistakes due to their own ignorance, would, upon learning the error of their ways, not return into err, but use the knowledge to correct their previous mistake. So it is with society. Once we find out where we are in err, it would be ignorant of us not to correct ourselves. Before we can look at finding knowledge, however, we must first look at how we should properly use language. Socrates and Plato see language mainly as the mechanism to provide truth and knowledge. In engaging in argument, Socrates is given a definition of a word such as courage, justice or piety. Then, rather than giving his own definition in retort, he offers a situation in which the given definition is incorrect and then challenges his opponents to find something which is common to all courageous, just or pious acts. The commonality in things is the goal that Plato and Socrates are striving for. What makes things, like just acts, the same even though they all differ in some way? What is it that all separate just acts have in common so that they are recognizable as just acts? Knowledge is to know what isn’t evident in the object or action, but to know what it is that makes all objects ... ...ve no one would care to argue this point. Since we are contented with our lot in life and do not care to search for truth but rather have it handed to us for the cost of an education, cable bill and Internet connection per month, are we not the fools who are content while the enlightened few, the philosophers and all those others who think for themselves, remain discontented with our situation. As Plato and Socrates would certainly suggest, language use is essential if we are to have some idea of a means to achieving our goal as humans in society. It is quite evident now that language is indeed a powerful tool and can be used for reasons of knowledge and for reasons of power. It is also quite obvious that today only a small number of the population use their own heads to think and leave the power solely to the modern institutions of ‘knowledge distribution’. By using Aristotelian Logic, arguments can be used to produce truths, so long as the premises are true, and De scartes has provided this foundational truth. Using argument, talking to each other, one can find the commonality in all things, and discover what our own commonalties are as human beings and as elements in the state.

1984 fifty years on – in what respects has the fictitious future vision of George Orwell “come true”?

George Orwell wrote his famous novel Nineteen Eighty-Four between the years 1945 and 1948. Although the title is ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four', the novel wasn't meant to be a detailed description of the exact year of 1984 but a critical, futuristic novel. In Orwell's criticism of a perfect society, his novel became known as one of the greatest anti-utopian novels of all time. Although the novel starts out as a story of a neurotic man, it quickly turns into a protest against a totalitarian government. The novel seems to be a satire at the start, similar to novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, but quickly the reader will discover that it is not wholly satire. Nineteen Eighty-Four is not only criticism of what Orwell saw happening in his country with the coming of English Socialism, but a warning of the consequences of contemporary government actions and what they were threatening to cause. Perhaps the novel seems so bleak because it was written in the conditions and environment in which Orwell lived in 1948, straight after the Second World War. Perhaps people would be more comfortable with the novel if they could forget the thought of the possibility of the prediction becoming real. In year 1984 it seemed to be a huge trend to discuss which aspects of the novel had come true, although the title of the novel was only acquired by switching the last two numbers of the publishing year the other way round. The most obvious feature in the novel that existed -and still exists for example in Cuba – is the totalitarian government. Although Stalin's Soviet Union and Hitler's Nazi Germany obviously gave the model for Oceania, Orwell and no-one else in the end of the 1940s knew what exactly was happening inside these states. For example the truth of Stalin's government came up only after 1952 when the head of the country died. KGB could be linked to the Thought Police in the sense of â€Å"vaporising† people who were against the leader mysteriously during the night. In this sense, Orwell interpreted in his novel quite well the secret actions inside the totalitarian government. Also Orwell's view of television seems to have partly â€Å"come true†. The television was a quite new invention in the end of the 1940s when Nineteen Eighty-Four was published, and therefore Orwell developed the idea of an unswitchable TV, telescreen, for his novel. Although the modern TV's can be switched off and the Party members can't observe us through them, Orwell wouldn't probably have been surprised by the fact that in 1984 the average American household spent over 7 hours in front of the television every evening. The number is even greater for those families who happen to have a cable TV. As Winston in the beginning of the novel is a middle-aged man living alone, and working only because everyone has to, his position resembles the one of a modern, marginalised man. He can't remember his childhood or even his mother clearly. It is possible to see here one Orwell's insight more, even though it is quite unlikely that he actually predicted in 1948 that marginalisation would become a problem fifty years later. The theme of Newspeak and the destruction of language was also one aspect of the future that George Orwell saw in advance. Although the governments of today are not trying to eliminate more and more words from our vocabularies in order to eliminate our ability to unite or conspire against them, the language is changing. Words that sound as if they were the purest Newspeak already exist, for example the word ‘infomercial' (information + commercial) could be straight form Oceania. Also new words come to existence at the same time when old words almost disappear. The disappearing, or forgotten words are usually names of old objects that are not used anymore. New technology in turn brings new products that need new names. No other work of the 20th century has inspired people with such love of liberty and hatred of tyranny. Because of the many predictions of the future that Orwell made over fifty years ago and which later on have actually â€Å"come true†, Nineteen Eighty-Four remains one of the great novels of the previous century.

Campbell Soup Essay

Company Objectives The company’s objective is to enable business and operational success through integrated world class solutions and development by utilizing the organizational restructure of the Engineering and R&D departments. Having a centralized organization with a decentralized engineering department makes meeting the company objective quite difficult. Also, if the company’s objective does not align with the department specific objectives Campbell Soup is setting their selves up for failure. Sales and Marketing are concerned with increasing market share and gaining profit, while the Plants are worried about operational performance, and Engineering is focused on individual parts of the system. In order to have a successful company objective each department must be working towards the same goal. For example, if the plants are measured based on operating results and performance, when launching a new product line we have to be flexible and put in different performance metrics and set a glide path with a specific timeline. Competing on consistent quality, time/availability (want to be the first) (want to always have it on the shelves), [ARE THEY COMPETING ON PRICE? Having a reasonable price, can’t be an expensive product but people are willing to pay a premium price?] Specific Problem Defined Currently after quite a few years of product development Plastigon is still in the process improvement stage and is not a finished program. The project team is facing difficulties involving people, processes, data, and systems. There is not a clear line of responsibility and ownership for people at the individual and group level. The development team for the Plastigon line was decentralized over the P3 and has suffered a high turnover rate of its developers. If engineers were leaving the company or project because of the amount of travel required the correct engineers were not selected for the project, or the scope of the project was not clearly defined. The knowledge that the individuals on the project possess is one of the most valuable resources, especially during the product development phase. Project management at Campbell is not a clear, identified, well-connected end to end standard process. The data collected and analyzed throughout the program could not be trusted because there were no steps in place to ensure reliability. For example, testing the production line with water instead of  the actual product gives the firm inaccurate results. There are large discrepancies in the viscosity of soup and water, and the issues you run into will be completely different. If the regulations and procedures are put in place so that test products are not shipped to customers by mistake, test products can be labeled as such. A reevaluation of what regulations are necessary needs to take place for the firm to be able to grow. It didn’t seem as though costs were allocated in standard process. The systems that are put in place need to enable people, processes and data to work for the organization. If Campbell had the right tools and methods in place to support the work that occurs in the organization, the Plastigon line would have been up and running. They had this problem because they are not familiar with how to launching a completely brand new product line. This is outside of their comfort zone and therefore it has effectively stalled the product line due to lack of interest, conflicting interests, decentralized teams, and engineering issues. Individuals were not working cross-functionally but instead they focused heavily on their specific issues instead of the overarching strategic goal. There were several communication issues between different departments because there was not a shared vision. Problems – Not having meetings. Plants not being involved. There isn’t any real data analysis in this case. We analyzed the data to prove significance in the other sections. 2. What should Elsner do about Plastigon? Alternative Strategies Elsner has a few options available to him Continue the current development plan that his predecessors have started Scrap Plastigon and move towards a container that imitates proven microwaveable products Centralize the current development plan and roll out the Plastigon line. 2. Each of these options has their pro’s and con’s. Continuing current development as planned has proven to be costly and slow, but is the most obvious route. Scrapping Plastigon will most likely guarantee a successful microwaveable container, but will prove to be unpopular due to the substantial investment in Plastigon. Centralizing the  development is the â€Å"middle option† allowing Elsner to have a more focused approach on the existing plan. This could cause more issues within Campbell because of their decentralized development teams though. Recommendation Campbell has already committed a large amount of human and financial capital, $10M, into developing the Plastigon production line. They want a return on their investment. Although they have lost the first mover advantage to other companies that have entered with shelf-stable microwavable products they still have a superior product and they can steal market share from them. Since they had a radical innovation if they came to market with a less than perfect product they would have been allowed to make changes in the future to improve on their initial product. Their strong quality reputation would not have been ruined. They need to have a batch process for this production line. The beginning of the process will be a flow shop where are the standard processes are performed but then it will be a job shop towards the end of the process where we have the cooker and incubator. In order to compete with other firms they will need to have consistent quality, and finished good inventory. The beginning of the process is the hardest because that is when toy have to program knowledge into the automated machinery but then your costs will go down because you have a low waged and narrow skilled workforce. Launch DRG now and work on Plastigon, do not fund any other programs. Right not the Plastigon margins are horrible, total cost per unit = $1.49-1.59 selling at whole price for $.85, they are not making any money. Need to reevaluate costs. 3. What can the firm learn from its experience with Plastigon? 1. Campbell’s current development process is outdated and unwieldy 2. Campbell’s competitors have more efficient product development and rollout processes 3. Campbell’s business structure (engineering, product roll out, manager incentives) is not geared towards developing the next generation of their products (disruptive technologies) 4. If Campbell is going to be competitive in future product lines it will need to restructure its company’s development process. 5. Campbell is vulnerable to new technologies taking market share away from it. Big Problem- Beyond the case (long-term) The Palastigon program can turn out to be beneficial to the Campbell Soup Company if they take the approach of levering the problems they were faced with during this period and turning them into company solutions, guidelines and safety nets. The project management process needs to be reevaluated and set process steps need to be put into place. Non-value added activities, like developing product lines without first piloting the process. They need to have process owners or strategic project managers that are responsible for project results and integration between the cross-functional team. Process innovation improvement is a key takeaway. Revisit the current state process and identify areas for development. After this new product development initiatives will be easier to launch – Management and Engineering interface Problems can lead to streamlining an effective process for the future and result in potential solutions. Project management at the individual and group level. Take the key learnings from this specific project and launch corporate wide initiatives and procedures, for effective and efficient project management.

Free Essays on Freud And Ragtime

Throughout the novel Ragtime, Doctorow suggests that in Sigmund Freud’s visit to the United States he did not enjoy himself because of the differences between the United States and Vienna. With references of feminist women such as Emma Goldman in Ragtime, it can be determined that the real reason for Freud not enjoying the United States, was his views on women as being less than human, unable to think like men, born merely to breed and serve men(1933; New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 1933). American women were living different lives than the women of Vienna. Victorian culture, which was the culture of Freud’s life back in Vienna, gave women many reasons to envy men: the same conditions, in fact, that the American feminists in Ragtime, fought against. If a woman who was denied the freedom, the status, and the pleasures that men enjoyed wished that she could have these things, she might wish herself a man and see herself with that one thing which made men unequally different , the penis(1905; Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory, 1910.) Freudian psychology, had its emphasis on sexual freedom for a man who was living in a repressive society, such as the Victorian culture in which he was living. Women on the other hand, were seen as having penis envy to males and would never amount to much, which was drastically different from the women like Emma Goldman in Ragtime who were fighting for their freedom from the repressive male dominated society in which they were living. To Freud the American image of a woman was the lavish life of a women living in the twenties: wild and free hair, knees exposed, flaunting her new freedom to live alone in an apartment in the city, and drive a car. It was also acceptable for American women to drink, smoke, and to freely talk about their sexual adventures. This was against what Freud saw as the proper way for a women to conduct herself, and suggests that he did n... Free Essays on Freud And Ragtime Free Essays on Freud And Ragtime Throughout the novel Ragtime, Doctorow suggests that in Sigmund Freud’s visit to the United States he did not enjoy himself because of the differences between the United States and Vienna. With references of feminist women such as Emma Goldman in Ragtime, it can be determined that the real reason for Freud not enjoying the United States, was his views on women as being less than human, unable to think like men, born merely to breed and serve men(1933; New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 1933). American women were living different lives than the women of Vienna. Victorian culture, which was the culture of Freud’s life back in Vienna, gave women many reasons to envy men: the same conditions, in fact, that the American feminists in Ragtime, fought against. If a woman who was denied the freedom, the status, and the pleasures that men enjoyed wished that she could have these things, she might wish herself a man and see herself with that one thing which made men unequally different , the penis(1905; Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory, 1910.) Freudian psychology, had its emphasis on sexual freedom for a man who was living in a repressive society, such as the Victorian culture in which he was living. Women on the other hand, were seen as having penis envy to males and would never amount to much, which was drastically different from the women like Emma Goldman in Ragtime who were fighting for their freedom from the repressive male dominated society in which they were living. To Freud the American image of a woman was the lavish life of a women living in the twenties: wild and free hair, knees exposed, flaunting her new freedom to live alone in an apartment in the city, and drive a car. It was also acceptable for American women to drink, smoke, and to freely talk about their sexual adventures. This was against what Freud saw as the proper way for a women to conduct herself, and suggests that he did n...

The Meaning Behind West African Kente Cloth

The Meaning Behind West African Kente Cloth Kente is a brightly colored, banded material and is the most widely known cloth produced in Africa. Although kente cloth is now identified with the Akan people in West Africa, and particularly the Asante Kingdom, the term originates from the neighboring Fante. Kente cloth is closely related to Adinkra cloth, which has symbols stenciled into cloth and is associated with mourning.​ History Kente cloth is made from thin strips about four cm thick woven together on narrow looms - typically by men. The strips are interlaced to form a fabric which is usually worn wrapped around the shoulders and waist like a toga - the garment is also known as kente. Women wear two shorter lengths to form a skirt and bodice. Originally made from white cotton with some indigo patterning, kente cloth evolved when silk arrived with Portuguese traders in the seventeenth century. Fabric samples were pulled apart for the silken thread, which was then woven into the kente cloth. Later, when skeins of silk became available, more sophisticated patterns were created - although the extortionate cost of the silk meant they were only available to Akan royalty. Mythology and Meaning Kente has its own mythology - claiming the original cloth was taken from the web of a spider - and related superstitions - such as no work can be started or completed on a Friday and that mistakes require an offering to be made to the loom. In kente cloth colors are significant: Blue means loveGreen means growth and energyYellow (gold) means wealth and royaltyRed means violence and anger,White means goodness or victoryGrey means shameBlack means death (or old age) Royalty Even today, when a new design is created, it must first be offered to the royal house. If the king declines to take the pattern, it can be sold to the public. Designs worn by Asante royalty may not be worn by others. Pan-African Diaspora As one of the prominent symbols of African arts and culture, Kente cloth has been embraced by the broader African diaspora (which means people of African descent wherever they might live.) Kente cloth is particularly popular in the United States among African-Americans and can be found on all types of clothing, accessories, and objects. These designs replicate registered Kente designs, but are often mass-produced outside of Ghana with no recognition or payment going to the Akan craftsmen and designers, which Boatema Boateng has argued represents a significant loss of income to Ghana. Sources Boateng, Boatema, The Copyright Thing Doesnt Work Here: Adinkra and Kente Cloth and Intellectual Property in Ghana. University of Minnesota Press, 2011.Smith, Shea Clark. Kente Cloth Motifs, African Arts, vol. 9, no. 1 (Oct. 1975): 36-39.

Invented Ethos - Definition and Examples in Rhetoric

Invented Ethos s in Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, invented ethos is a type of proof that  relies on the qualities of a speakers character as conveyed by his or her discourse.   In contrast to situated ethos (which is based on the rhetors reputation in the community), invented ethos is projected by the rhetor in the context  and delivery of the speech  itself. According to Aristotle, say Crowley and Hawhee, rhetors can invent a character suitable to an occasion- this is invented ethos (Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students, 2004). Examples and Observations The ethos of  rhetors is established by the words  they use and the roles they assume in their meanings and varied interactions.(Harold Barrett, Rhetoric . SUNY Press, 1991)  and Civility Situated Ethos and Invented Ethos Ethos is concerned with character. It has two aspects. The first concerns the esteem in which the speaker or writer is held. We might see this as his/her situated ethos. The second is about what a speaker/writer actually does linguistically in his/her texts to ingratiate him/herself with the audience. This second aspect has been referred to as invented ethos. Situated ethos and invented ethos are not separate; rather, they operate on a cline.  For example, the more effective your  invented ethos is, the stronger your situated ethos might become in the long run, and vice versa.(Michael Burke, Rhetoric and Poetics: The Classical Heritage of Stylistics.  The Routledge Handbook of Stylistics, ed. by Michael Burke. Routledge, 2014) The Critic's Ethos: Situated and Invented The two considerations here are situated ethos and  invented ethos  respectively. When it comes to aesthetic criticism... situated ethos  is when a successful novelist in his  own right is asked his opinion about another novel. His opinion is respected because of who he is known to be- situated ethos. But the critic has to set up shop  by himself and pronounce (for example) on a painting when he himself does not know how to paint. He does this by means of some form of invented ethos; that is, he has to come up with various rhetorical devices for getting people to listen. If he is successful at this over time, then he acquires a reputation as a critic and has therefore grown into situated ethos.(Douglas Wilson, Writers to Read. Crossway, 2015) Aristotle on Ethos [There is persuasion] through character whenever the speech is spoken in such a way as to make the speaker worthy of credence; for we believe fair-minded people to greater extent and more quickly [than we do others] on all subjects in general and completely so in cases where there is not exact knowledge but room for doubt. And this should result from the speech, not from a previous opinion that the speaker is a certain kind of person.(Aristotle, Rhetoric) Treated as an aspect of rhetoric, Aristotelian [invented] ethos presumes that human nature is knowable, reducible to a range of types, and manipulable by discourse.(James S. Baumlin, Ethos, The Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, ed. by Thomas O. Sloane. Oxford University Press, 2001)Today we may feel uncomfortable with the notion that rhetorical character can be constructed since we tend to think of character, or personality, as fairly stable. We generally assume as well that character is shaped by an individuals experiences. The ancient Greeks, in contrast, thought that character was constructed not by what happened to people but by the moral practices in which they habitually engaged. An ethos was not finally given by nature, but was developed by habit.(Sharon Crowley and Debra Hawhee, Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students, 3rd ed. Pearson, 2004) Cicero on Invented Ethos So much is done by good taste and style in speaking that the speech seems to depict the speakers character. For by means of particular types of thought and diction, and the employment besides of a delivery that is unruffled and eloquent of good nature, the speakers are made to appear upright, well-bred, and virtuous men.(Cicero, De Oratore)

Good teaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Good teaching - Essay Example They came just to have a professional degree and more inclined to job perspective. He also described three models of teaching process. When the teacher judges the students according to their level of intelligence and capability, he tries to generalize the students and form a standard pattern of his lectures which intentionally align with the interest and knowledge base of the students. The teacher just tries to share information with the students. The main focus of this stage is to provide clarity of information through lectures and notes for information sharing. This type of teaching is mostly common in Asian countries. Some of its specific characteristics are that the teacher should make eye contact with the student to make sure that the students are understanding the topic, make signals in order to communicate and make clear voice conversation with the students. Understanding the student refers to ensuring that the students are getting and understanding exactly what are intended. This is calculated as one of the important aspect to teaching. The teachers try to make sure that the topic is crystal clear to the students and have solved all their queries regarding the topic. The faculty members search for appropriate tools of teaching procedure such that it cause more engagement of all kind of students in the lecture and classes (Biggs, 2012) (Biggs, 1996). Some interactive activities can be done to understand the students clearly. As a student, I have faced different procedures of teaching practiced by my teachers. The process of teaching differed according to the level and standard of the students in class. I have noticed that information sharing was the main concern for the teachers. They did not try very hard to make us understand clearly the topic, but they tended to share more and more information in very short period of time. They made regular interactions and made easier communication with the students so as

Capital Punishment and Execution in the US Research Paper

Capital Punishment and Execution in the US - Research Paper Example The major methods of execution used in the past included the exposure of the defendant to a firing squad. There was also the use of gas chambers as well as hanging and electrocution (Weisenberg). Another method which was introduced later, and is mostly used today, is the use of lethal injection to poison the criminal. One of the most talked of execution is that of Pedro Medina in March 1997; one that most people have criticized and termed notorious (Gromer and Gromer). Initially adopted by 38 states, capital punishment has since been banned by law in 34 states. Some more states have put it on hold while a few still think that it should just be practiced extensively (CNN 1). Capital punishment has been an issue of social contention in the US, of late. Many Americans have maintained a support for it, particularly in murder cases. However, the support has been in the decline following strong criticism from some sectors of the American community. I concur with many that there is nothing good in taking someone’s life, and therefore, more humane ways need to be in place for carrying out the duty. I hereby beg to admit that, despite the cruelty in it, sometimes our emotions push us towards seeing the positive side of it. There has also been a widespread debate on whether or not the executions should be televised. My paper seeks to look at the pros and cons associated with both the idea of capital punishment and the television of the executions. It is a fact that many court TV and other television networks today attempt to cover proceedings on criminal cases. They also go as far as televising the cases to interested viewers from homes. Some media executives and lawyers have foreseen a possibility of a future broadcast of the executions too. They use the case of San Francisco’s KQED-TV as an indicator. This television station hit news headlines a few years ago when it asked for permission to record a murderer’s execution. The station intended to sho w the unedited tape of Robert Alton Harris’ execution, though late in the night when children had slept (Weisenberg). It is interesting to note that both proponents and opponents of capital punishment sometimes, ironically, find themselves as strange bedfellows whenever there is a debate on whether the executions should be broadcasted on TV or not. It is common to find a person who is against capital punishment yet they support the idea of televising the executions. Likewise, some proponents of the punishment also tend to strongly oppose the idea of televising the executions. For those who support capital punishment, televising executions will only serve to promote sympathy for the criminals. This sympathy may blind the general public to an extent that they may not realize the injury the criminal meted on their victim. The opponents of capital punishment, on the other hand, oppose the idea of television on grounds that it has the ability to reduce the death penalty to a few m inutes’ affair. This is so false because the pain covers even the time a criminal spends several sleepless nights in anticipation of the fateful day. Some people also think that showing the executions on TV may give a haunting picture to the viewers, especially the emotionally and psychologically unstable ones, including young children (Bender 1). Televising the executions may also make the execution seem, to many people, as a form of

Interview Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7250 words

Interview - Research Paper Example Moreover, the interviews conducted have been aimed at determining the opinions held by the mentioned officials regarding the participation of their respective companies towards the furtherance of the efforts to transform the city of Abu Dhabi into an international field. Also, the conducted interviews sought to gain the view of said officials on employment, training and development, role of the private sector and Abu Dhabi’s local infrastructures. These then are believed to provide proper and complete information regarding the economic diversification of Abu Dhabi from the vantage point of Mudabala and Siemen’s as key players in the said undertaking. The purpose of this study is to understand the role played by Mudabala and Siemen’s in the economic diversification of Abu Dhabi. Mudabala Development Company (Mudabala) is an investment vehicle wholly-owned by the Government Abu Dhabi. Mudabala aims to further the economic of Abu Dhabi through diversification. The primary undertaking of the company is to enter into long-term capital-intensive investments so as to provide Abu Dhabi with strong financial returns and aggressive improvements in the city. On the other hand, Siemen’s, as an important member of the Masdar Institute has been instrumental in the process entailed by transformation. As a result, this paper endeavored to seek the opinion of the standard-bearers of the two companies taking the helm of the economic diversification of Abu Dhabi. The views expressed by the Chief Operating Officers of Mudabala and Siemen’s has been instrumental in establishing a clear and in-depth view as to the steps necessita ted by the â€Å"Plan Abu Dhabi 2030: Urban Structure Framework Plan.† The interviews conducted will provide the readers with a comprehensive look into the economic progressive course that Abu Dhabi is currently undertaking. Context has been defined as the manner by which people ascribe certain meaning to the

Application of PPP in the Short Run Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Application of PPP in the Short Run - Essay Example International trade has then been seen to lead to an equalization of purchasing power which economist describe as parity. However, this theory has been seen to have many shortcomings (Wallace, 2007: 34). For instances, the prices of different goods cannot be the same in all countries. This is because there are barriers to trade which lead to the prices increasing gradually as they pass from one country to the next. These include the tariffs, taxes and shipment costs. For instance, a car in America may cost only $5000 but when it is shipped a country such as South Africa, its final cost is $2000 higher than the price it is sold at in America. Other commodities of trade because of their nature cannot be imported to another country. These include services such giving haircuts or other products such as real estate. Moreover, a person in a rural village in Brazil may not have the luxury of choosing different goods or services on the international market and may just end up buying good on the prices offered in their country. Moreover, not all types of goods and services have demand in every country. For instance, America may not have a specific price for a rice harvester because it does not grow rice. The price of a rice harvester would thus only be determined by the countries which have a demand for it such as Vietnam. The cost of living in different countries is different and this definitely affects their purchasing power. For instance, the cost of living in China is way low compared to the cost of living in America (Ullrich, 2009: 78). China applies the strategy of reducing the cost of living in her country so that it can pay her workers lower wages reducing the production cost. This makes her exports cheaper compared to that of other players in the global market giving it a competitive edge. In some instances, PPP has been used to position the exchange rates of new countries or even predict expectations on future exchange rates. There are two versions of PPP that have been used by economist all over the globe. These are relative and absolute PPP. Absolute PPP is the equalization of good’s prices in different countries. Relative PPP on the other hand asserts that the change of exchange rates over time between different countries is relative to the change in prices of standards goods in these countries (Obstfeld &Taylor, 2004: 318).PPP has been seen to prove to hold true in its assumptions in the long run. This is because as a result of removal of trade barriers and enhancement of free trade in the globe, the price of standard goods without the inclusion of costs such as shipment costs, tariffs and taxes is similar around the globe. It would take years for prices of products to be equalized in the globe. However, various economists have argued that PPP do not hold true in the short run. This is because the exchange rates are controlled by the news in the short run. News regarding change in the perceptions of the development of exchange rates in the future has an immediate effect on the current exchange rate. The rates are also influenced by other announcement such as interest rate changes. This paper studies PPP and exchange rates in EU and US to show how PPP cannot hold in the short-term. In the developing countries, PPP is measures using a comparison of the official

Effect of inflation on USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Effect of inflation on USA - Essay Example Inflation is a depreciation of money, reducing their purchasing power. Inflation can be the result of a decrease in the production of goods produced at constant quantity of paper money. It is accompanied by higher prices and the lowering of living standards. But not every lowering of prices is a measure of inflation. Prices may rise because of the deterioration of product quality deterioration in the terms of the extraction of fuel and raw materials, changing societal needs (Thorp, 1981). Some economists believe that inflation should be understood by the raising general level of prices in the economy. Inflation is a healthy reaction to the economic organism caused financial distress, the attempt to overcome it, to reach equilibrium state between goods and money supply and demand. Inflation is reflected in excessive buying demand, the causes of which are caused by the proposal as well as demand. Certainly the drop in purchasing power of money closely linked to price increases. For example, in 2006 consumer prices (CPI index) in the United States in January rose by 0.4% compared with the previous month, Bloomberg News reported with reference to the countrys Ministry of Labor data. Analysts expected this figure to increase 0.3%. Prices excluding the cost of fuel and foodstuffs (Core CPI index) last month increased by 0.3%, which was the maximum recovery from June 2006. Experts predicted an increase of 0.2%. According to the revised data, in December, inflation stood at 0.4% for November, rather than 0.3% as previously reported. Accelerating inflation reflects a rise in prices of food, energy and clothing. Guidance Federal Reserve System (FRS), the United States, it can no longer be neglected problem of inflation in deciding on the level of basic interest rate in the near future. Inflation in the eurozone slightly dropped in March 2006 following the decline in growth in

Transcendental Meditation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Transcendental Meditation - Essay Example The practice of Transcendental Meditation is one of the varieties of Sanskrit mantras consisted of short words or phrase that when repeated in thought is expected to help the practitioner still the activity of thought and find a deeper level of consciousness. Here, one understands that the basic process of TM is not very different from other forms of meditation, starting with a deep body and mind relaxation for 20 minutes daily, followed by the â€Å"seven-step process,† wherein the first three can be self-taught and the last four, instructed. In order to practice Transcendental Meditation, an individual needs to be initiated by a teacher. This initiation involves sessions of formal instruction, followed by a ceremony in which the applicant makes monetary and other offerings and receives his mantra, selected by the teacher on the basis of the meditator’s temperament and occupation. As previously mentioned, at least a million Americans are initiated today, underscoring TM’s widespread appeal. Transcendental Meditation’s appeal to people is anchored on its recognition that there is a hunger for spiritual vision in the modern world, particularly in the West, which is, then, infused with the spirit of practicality. Firstly, TM has benefited from the tradition that has been cultivated by the practice of yoga by Maharishi’s predecessors, the Eastern mystics, Vivekananda and Yogananda. Then, according to Coward, Hinnells, and Williams, Maharishi emphasized the practical aspect of meditation instead of its religious context.

Effect of inflation on USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Effect of inflation on USA - Essay Example Inflation is a depreciation of money, reducing their purchasing power. Inflation can be the result of a decrease in the production of goods produced at constant quantity of paper money. It is accompanied by higher prices and the lowering of living standards. But not every lowering of prices is a measure of inflation. Prices may rise because of the deterioration of product quality deterioration in the terms of the extraction of fuel and raw materials, changing societal needs (Thorp, 1981). Some economists believe that inflation should be understood by the raising general level of prices in the economy. Inflation is a healthy reaction to the economic organism caused financial distress, the attempt to overcome it, to reach equilibrium state between goods and money supply and demand. Inflation is reflected in excessive buying demand, the causes of which are caused by the proposal as well as demand. Certainly the drop in purchasing power of money closely linked to price increases. For example, in 2006 consumer prices (CPI index) in the United States in January rose by 0.4% compared with the previous month, Bloomberg News reported with reference to the countrys Ministry of Labor data. Analysts expected this figure to increase 0.3%. Prices excluding the cost of fuel and foodstuffs (Core CPI index) last month increased by 0.3%, which was the maximum recovery from June 2006. Experts predicted an increase of 0.2%. According to the revised data, in December, inflation stood at 0.4% for November, rather than 0.3% as previously reported. Accelerating inflation reflects a rise in prices of food, energy and clothing. Guidance Federal Reserve System (FRS), the United States, it can no longer be neglected problem of inflation in deciding on the level of basic interest rate in the near future. Inflation in the eurozone slightly dropped in March 2006 following the decline in growth in

DB #4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DB #4 - Essay Example By talking about how he conducted his study by taking care of the sick and terminally ill patients, Christakis uses the rhetoric proof of Pathos to persuade and inform his audience (TED). His storytelling of how he begun to conduct his study evokes emotion among his audience. Christakis employs the rhetoric proof of logos in showing how people become embedded in dense social networks. He uses slides to present a logical appeal of how clusters develop to form dense social networks. He also employs mathematical reasoning to present data to his audience and thus making a further logical appeal to them. Christakis makes a valid argument on the hidden influence of social networks. He argues that social networks help to define individuals’ health, happiness, and overall life goals. He presents his argument on the basis of a scientific research, which he conducted and this makes his argument to tick. He shows how social networks develop and how they get to influence different individuals dependent on their location in the network. His exploration of large-scale and face-face social networks, is able to show the impacts of social networks on a wide variety of traits such as obesity and happiness on people’s lives (TED). Simply put, he affirms the thought ‘show me you friends, and I will tell you your

Consider how and why Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Consider how and why Shakespeare Essay Consider how and why Shakespeare uses natural images in Sonnet XVIII, Shall I compare thee and act two, scene two, of Romeo and Juliet. In my coursework I am going to analyse two works of Shakespeare, these will be Sonnet XVIII and Romeo and Juliet. Both of these poems show share similarities, the main one being the theme love. In Sonnet XVIII, a man is talking about a woman, and is trying to find a comparison to her, that will do her beauty justice, whilst Romeo and Juliet follows a love story, between these two characters, it is a romantic play, which ends in tragedy. Another shared feature of both plays is Shakespeares use of Natural Imagery. This is a technique that is often used by writers, and is a favoured method of writing used by Shakespeare. Natural imagery is used in writing for description and/or comparison. In these two instances, it compares characters and feelings to that of nature. In Shakespeares era, nature was enjoyed by most people, as it was all around them it was something that everybody understood, Shakespeare used natural imagery as something that people could relate to they knew that the Sun was warm, that the night was mystical, and that fire was passionate, therefore if something or someone was compared to one of these, they knew exactly what was meant. Act two, scene two in Romeo and Juliet is set in Capulets orchard. This setting is full of natural beauty plants, flowers, insects this reflects Romeo and Juliets natural love for each other. When he enters into the orchard, he talks about Juliet; he says that Juliet is the Sun. This is the first of many natural images within this scene. His comparison of her to the Sun shows very strong feelings the Sun is essential to life, it gives light and warmth to the world Romeo is saying that without Juliet, he could not live and that she is the light of his life. Stars are an amazing part of nature; they light up the night skies, they are bright and beautiful. Romeo compares Juliets eyes to Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven. This describes the beauty of her eyes, how they are bright and vivid. The way that stars give light also describes his illuminate feelings for her. Stars also were thought to speak to people (Astrology). Romeo feels that Juliets eyes are so beautiful and complex that they tell him a story of love and passion. O speak again, bright angel. Romeo refers to Juliet. This statement is very ironic. Romeo states this as a positive comparison angels are beautiful, they are angelic. They show immortality, just like his love for her. However, the bright angel that he speaks of, is Gods bright angel, named Lucipher, this bright angel fell from heaven to hell, just as Juliet will fall from life, or love, to death. Whilst on the balcony, Juliet is talking about her love for Romeo, but how he is a Montague. She says how a name is only a name, and not a person. That which we call a rose by any other word would smell as sweet. A rose is a beautiful flower; it both looks beautiful and smells sweet. This natural image shows Juliets feelings for Romeo he is beautiful, calm and kind. With this comparison the audience can relate more towards how Juliet feels, and her way of thinking, that Romeo is the same, loving person, whatever his name may be. However this comparison is also an example of dramatic irony. A rose is born; it flourishes with beauty, but then withers and dies; just like their love, at this point there love is just being born, but by the end of the play they die. The audience are aware of a tragedy in the end of this play, as the prologue suggests this, however at this point the characters are completely oblivious to this. At the opening of this scene, the envious moon is portrayed as a negative thing (the Sun is much more beautiful than the Moon, and only the Sun can conquer the Moon, by spreading light onto the night). At this point in the scene, the moon is again described negatively. Romeo tries to swear by the moon of his love for her. However Juliet then speaks, O swear not by the moon, th inconstant moon. The moon is forever changing; Juliet wants their love for each other to stay the same; they are already feeling true love for each other, why would they want that to change? Juliet now speaks of how quick their meeting has been, too like the lightening, she describes it as. Lightening is quick but beautiful, just like their meeting. It is also bright and powerful, like their love for each other. However lightning also symbolises danger, it is destructive, just like their relationship. The meeting that they have just had is the beginning of all of this: they declare their love for each other and so the destruction of their lives begins, their love is quick but beautiful. Juliets comparison to the meeting is more accurate than she thinks, again showing dramatic irony. On their parting, Juliet compares Romeo and their love like a wantons bird, this is a caged bird, reflecting how their love should be freed, and how it is forbidden. She goes on to say that were Romeo a bird she would kill thee with much cherishing. This statement is incredibly ironic and foreshadows events, as their love for each other does end up in killing them both. Romeo then says to Juliet, Sleep dwell upon thine eyes,. This again foreshadows events that are to come. Romeo is wishing Juliet to go to sleep. This is ironic as Juliets sleep later on in the play ends in the suicide of Romeo. In Sonnet XVIII, the narrator of the poem is trying to compare a beautiful woman to something that will do her justice. He begins to compare her to a summers day, but then realises that she is much better than that. The initial comparison to a summers day is the first and most obvious example of natural imagery summer is beautiful and warm, much like the woman he speaks of. He goes on to say how Rough windes do shake the darling buds of Maie. This shows how summer is vulnerable, the woman is not. The word buds also represents new life, or new love. Shakespeare then goes on to describe the negative aspects of summer, lease hath all to short a date. This states how summer is short it begins and ends. The womans beauty is ongoing, it does not begin, nor end, it is eternal. The sun is now personified, to make it easier for the audience to compare it to the woman; it is described as the eye of heaven, with often is his gold complexion dimd. This presents another difference of the woman to the sun the sun brightens and dims but, once again, the womans beauty is constant, it is forever the same. The word gold in this phrase also symbolises wealth and beauty, much like the woman. Nor shall death brag though wandrst in his shade, The writer has previously stated how her beauty is immortal, it will defeat death. In this line the write personifies death wandrst in his shade. This makes the task of defeating death seem much easier if death is actually mortal. The final two lines, which are also a rhyming couplet, are like a conclusion to the poem and the writers thoughts. He explains how her beauty is immortalised through the poem. So long lives this, and gives life to thee. The word this within the line is once again, personification, this time of the poem itself. It is stating that the womans beauty has been trapped and kept alive within the poem. The personification of the poem makes it much easier for the audience to understand how her beauty is immortalised through it if the poem lives, so does the womans beauty. To conclude, I have found a lot of natural imagery in both of the works that I have read. In Romeo and Juliet, the natural imagery is used mainly to compare the feelings they have for each other to nature. However, the way it is used is very ironic almost every use of natural imagery has a double meaning, e. g. Rose, Juliet means this to be beautiful, however it also shows how, just like a rose, their love will begin, flourish, and eventually die. At the time of the meeting that Romeo and Juliet have, they are not aware of the tragedy that is about to occur. In Sonnet XVIII, the natural imagery is used to compare beauty. It is used to show how beautiful the woman is, as she is portrayed better than nature, or a summers day. This poem seems to be negative throughout, but is, in fact, just reflecting upon how beautiful the woman in the poem actually is. I can see from both of these texts that natural imagery is an effective way to describe thoughts, feelings, and things. The audience of the time would have easily been able to relate to each of the natural images that Shakespeare presented to them.

Essay --

Question 1: Based upon the accompanying INTSUM, OPREP-3, and Warning Order for the Bangladesh scenario provide a Combatant Commander's revised mission statement. Ensure that this statement includes the elements of "who, what, when, where, and why". (10 points) When directed, US Pacific Command employs joint forces in concert with coalition forces to conduct foreign humanitarian assistance operations in Bangladesh in order to alleviate the immediate loss of life and stabilize the humanitarian crisis caused by Cyclone Janari. Conduct of operations is in support of US Government lead agency (Department of State/USAID and the US Ambassador to Bangladesh) and in coordination with local government forces, nongovernmental organizations, and private voluntary organizations to provide rapid aid delivery while minimizing US and coalition forces footprint. On order, stabilize the Joint Operations Area, transition control to the Government of Bangladesh, and redeploy to home station. Question 2: The commander's intent identifies the purpose of the campaign and the endstate. Based upon the INTSUM, OPREP-3 and Warning Order provide the Combatant Commander's intent. (10 points) As the Combatant Commander, my intent is to support the Government of Bangladesh in stabilizing the immediate humanitarian crisis by conducting foreign humanitarian assistance (FHA) operations in the affected areas. We will conduct/lead combined operations with coalition forces, local government forces, interagency (Department of State/USAID and the US Ambassador to Bangladesh), nongovernment organizations (NGO), and private voluntary organizations (PVO) to the extent that the Government of Bangladesh can then provide adequate assistance to victims of Cyclone Jan... ... and emergence of cooperative activities allow for lesser state and non-state actors the ability to develop offensive and counterspace systems that can create a degraded environment. Therefore, US forces are compelled to develop mission-effective alternatives (e.g. nontraditional ISR platforms like targeting pods), establish access of partner capabilities, and build resilience in cost effective next space capabilities (hosting payloads on various platforms). For these reasons, The Air Force can best accept risk within the global integrated ISR capability. References: Campaign Planning Primer: AY 07 (Carlisle, PA: US Army War College, Department of Military Strategy, Planning, and Operations), 1-35. Deptula, D. Lesson 6, Reading 1. Dorsett, D. Lesson 13, Reading 4. Gates, R. Lesson 7, Reading 2. Rueschhoff, J. Lesson 2, Reading 4. Schwartz, N. Lesson 6, Reading 2.

Irish Migration to Quebec :: essays research papers fc

From the time that people began living in groups, people have migrated to suit their personal needs. For some, it was to escape difficult times or hardships faced by their ethnic group. Such is the case of the Irish who migrated to Quebec from 1815 to the Potato Famine of 1847. What causes and factors drove these people to cross an ocean and leave their homeland for the unknown prospects of Quebec? To examine and fully answer this question, one must look at the social, economic and religious conditions in Ireland at the time, as well as what drew the Irish to Quebec rather than somewhere else. To know why the Irish left Ireland, one must look at what was going on in Ireland from approximately 1815, a time before the famine began, to 1854 when the famine came to an end. Firstly, the Irish population had been steadily increasing from 2.8 million in 1712 until an estimated 8.5 million in 1841. This naturally led to harder times as families had more children to support. There also came a decline in agricultural prices, leading the average farmer’s income to decline as well. There was a legislation, as well, that was passed in 1816 and 1819 that decreased the cost of eviction, which led some of the landowners to evict their tenants to use the land for the purpose of grazing. This left those tenants without a place to live and a way to support themselves. As well, the Union with Great Britain in 1801, and the free trade that followed, ruined many of the forms of labour in Ireland at the time, including manufacturing and the products of artisans. This led many of the farmers and labourers to resort to begging, stealing and even starvation. This seemed to be enough of an incentive for people to start migrating overseas, and it is only common sense that those with the most money were able to leave first in 1815, these people mainly Protestant farmers. However, there was a reduction in fares in 1817 and that allowed some of the poorer classes, most usually were the Protestant counterparts, to finally migrate. During that period, many of the Irish immigrants came from the town of Ulster. This has been found to be due to the collapse of the linen industry there, which left the former employees unemployed. It seems apparent that in the decade prior to the Potato Famine, unemployment and a decline in the level of lifestyle were the major driving forces behind the first

Acids

Acids are very corrosive substances that can break down materials easily. The higher acidity obtained by a substance, the faster it is able to decompose another material. In order to determine the acidity of certain substances, a pH scale is used. On this scale, numbers one to fourteen are placed. Fourteen would represent an increased amount of alkalinity rather than acidity. Seven is a neutral zone, and one would be an increased amount of acidity rather than alkalinity (USGS, 2016). Figure 1 shows how the scale works and a select few substances that obtain different pH values. These values range from 14 to 1. The greater acidity of a substance, the more pernicious it is. The lower acidity of a substance, the less corrosive it becomes. In order to determine the perniciousness of a material, a pH scale is used. Testing strips help determine this. A pH testing strip is a piece of paper that is used to measure the molar concentration of hydrogen ions to determine the acidity or basicity of a substance (GSU, 2000). The use of pH testing strips supply plentiful information when trying to find the pH of a substance.Figure 1: Standard pH Scale (BIOL 1406)Soft DrinksStudies have provided information that many of commercially sold soft drinks in the United States are extremely corrosive with a pH of 4.0 or lower. The average dissolution of tooth structure begins at 4.0 (Zhejiang University, 2009). Thus stated, these soft drinks have a detrimentally high erosive potential and are able to cause dissolution. The soft drink Pepsi has a pH of 2.37. Orange Crush maintains a pH of 2.87. Dr. Pepper reveals a pH of 2.88. Country Time Lemonade shows a pH of 2.57, and Coca Cola contains a pH of 2.39 (Reddy, et. Al., 2015). Pepsi has the lowest pH of these select soft drinks, so it has the highest acidic level, whereas Dr. Pepper has the highest pH. Concluding this, Pepsi is the most corrosive substance, and Dr. Pepper is the least corrosive. Since the dissolution of calcium begins at 4.0, every soft drink used in this poll is of great detrimental damage. The erosive potential of each drink has a great effect on structures such as enamel. The fastest dissolution would begin with Pepsi, Coca Cola next, then Country Time lemonade. After lemonade, Orange Crush, and finally Dr.Pepper.Calcium And DissolutionCalcium is a mineral that supplies the main structure and hardness for bones and teeth. (Goldblatt, et. Al, 2016). It is also the backbone of eggshells, for the protective coating around the egg is made of calcium carbonate. The calcium differences between tooth enamel and eggshells are very closely related. They are not the same, but in comparison, their properties correspond very well. Enamel consist of minerals that help protect the tooth. This is the same for eggshells. Eggshells are a protective coating for the egg. Yet, while tooth enamel contains calcium phosphate, eggshells contain calcium carbonate (University of Illinois, 2016). Eggs appear to be the best direct comparison to find closely related results. If a soft drink can decompose an eggshell in a certain amount of time, it should likewise be the same for enamel, just a bit more complicated because of the excess mineral makeup that makes teeth a stronger substance. The calcium carbonate and the soda are the true reactions. It's not so much the egg as a whole, or the soda as a whole, it is how they act amongst each other when combined. The acidic drink is eligible to break down calcium levels because of the reaction between the substances. Enamel begins to increasingly dissolute inversely to the increase of pH. As the pH lessens, the more dissolution is caused ( Larsen, 1999). Soda contains many different levels of sugary and acidic values that cause a much faster dissolution, and cause erosion. Using a demonstration of teeth submerged in an acidic liquid for a week is close to a life time span of drinking soda throughout several years. This is understandable because the structure is submerged inside the liquid at all times, not just frequent periods (Swains, 2007). How Dissolution in Enamel Works Because of the high phosphoric acid content in carbonated drinks, they are seemingly low on the pH Scale. Low pH levels are extremely acidic and remineralize particles in tooth enamel. Dissolution causes dental problems over time. Some of these painful diseases are caused by soft drinks. Some common issues seen amongst people that have a diet containing soda everyday are more susceptible to caries, osteoporosis, attrition, and abstraction(American Dental Association, 2000). The phosphoric acid and sugar compounds create a massive build up against bone structure. Although enamel is strong and sturdy, dissolution begins at surroundings of a 4.0 pH, so it doesn't hold up forever. Carbonated drinks are said to be just as bad as non diluted vinegar, but because of all of the sugars and artificial flavoring, the drinks do not seem as bad. In fact, some carbonated drinks are of a lower pH than vinegar on the pH scale( Austin Community College). The initial purpose of this experiment was to enhance the knowledge of what drinks can decompose calcium the fastest due to specific levels of acidity.Discussion True dissolution did not seem to begin until after the first week. In comparison to a life span, one week is a reasonable amount of time before decay because 1 week is a regular sitting of soda over a 3 year time span. It is known that dissolution does not begin right away, more so it is the long term effects after something has been done repeatedly. (Swains, 2007) The eggshells had absorbed the colors of the drinks. This was very intricate because the soft drink seemed to appear disoluted, whereas the egg had pertained the saturation of color. In comparison, teeth absorb the color of drinks and stain after a while. Of course this is not shown right away, but as stated previously, the time frame in which the eggs soak is an approximation of almost thirteen years of drinking that drink regularly. This is a valid point as to why the egg had such a large discoloration; it was because it absorbed the color it was surrounded by (W3C, 2006). The acidic drinks used had a detrimental change on the eggshells. The mass of the eggs decreased sufficiently and distinctively. When touching the shell, it was fragile, and the drinks were so corrosive that the shell itself was stripping into thin sediment. Pieces of the shell were flaking off. Soft drinks have such a high phosphoric acid content which leads to extreme reductions of calcium. Reductions of calcium lead to weak and fragile structures. Pepsi Eggs that had been submerged in Pepsi were sticky and had a brown overtone to them. These eggs had gone through the most dissolution throughout the 4 week timespan. This makes sense when understanding that the most acidic substance used was Pepsi. Pepsi has a very low pH balance which causes such an extreme amount of dissolution. The more acidic a substance is, the more corrosive and efficient it is when eroding. With a pH of 2.37, it is easy to tell that the substance has a high acidic ranking which is a detrimate factor in erosion. The net total dissolution caused by the soft drink Pepsi was .847g. Pepsi is a Cola product so the assumption was that it would have taken a toll like Coca Cola did, but it turns out it was a lot harsher on the eggs than Coca Cola was. Frankly, It was approximately double the damage. The American Dental Association provides information on Cola products and the way they affect bone structure. Cola products are said to be a significant cause of damage to the bones which explains why the eggshell had dissoluted so quickly in Pepsi. But why not the same for Coca Cola too? This is where the phosphoric acid in Pepsi was higher than in Coca Cola. Pepsi had a lower pH, so it was more corrosive afterall ( American Dental Association, 2000). Orange Crush Eggs that were submerged in Orange Crush had many interesting effects to them. The most interesting was that the egg shell had gained the saturation of the drink whereas the drink diluted to almost a complete clear color. Although this occured, it did not have a great amount of dissolution as expected. Orange juice is very acidic, but because there was a use of mainly carbonated sodas, Orange Crush seemed like the next best comparison. There was not as much damage as expected after all with only .359g disoluted total. It is still a great amount of dissolution, but not as much as the Cola products and Country Time Lemonade. Orange Crush obtained the second lowest pH of all the substances( American Dental Association, 2000). Although the phosphoric acid was lower than most of the solutions, Dr. Pepper still had the lowest pH and phosphoric acid level of all. Nonetheless, Orange Crush still contains a low pH, phosphoric acid, and is eligible to be abrasive to structure. The acids present take on considerable influences of demineralizing and causing attrition in structures( Johansson, et Al. 2012). Dr. Pepper Eggs that were submerged in Dr. Pepper were sticky and obtained a similar brown color like the eggs submerged in Pepsi. The solution had made a sort of gooey protection around the egg much like Pepsi had. By the fourth week each egg was completely brown and the shell was softened making it substantially weaker than the first week. Although the shell was weak. Eggs submerged in Dr. Pepper had the least dissolution amongst every soft drink. Considering the pH of Dr. Pepper is the highest, at just 2.88,and it obtains the least acidic makeup; this is of validation. Although, Dr. Pepper contains a higher sugar concentration than most drinks. This partakes a great roll in the occurrence of dissolution too. Sugary drinks affect dissolution as much as acid concentration, so there was still a great potential of attrition to occur over the four week time period(Ophardt, 2003). When calculating the average dissolution amongst all of the soft drinks, Dr.Pepper did appear to have the lowest in dissolution. The net total was .243g. This is a smaller number compared to the rest of the soft drinks, yet nonetheless it is still an amount of dissolution. Concluding this, it is still a corrosive substance also. These acid and sugar contents are detrimental to structure(Thompson, 2016).Country Time Lemonade Eggs that were submerged in Country Time Lemonade contained a very gritty texture and the shell was flaking off into small pieces that were brittle and thin. The Country Time Lemonade had also bleached the eggshell. By the fourth week, the eggshells had been brightly shining as a pure white, whereas when the eggs first began they were dull and had very light grey spots in select places. Some pieces of the shells were gone and the inside was preserved like a coating of yolk that was rubbery. Although brittle and frail, the most dissolution was not caused by Country Time Lemonade. The net total dissolution had actually fallen directly in the middle of all soft drinks. The total abrasion of the eggs submerged in Country Time Lemonade amounted .369g. Although a smaller amount than Coca Cola and Pepsi, there was still a substantial amount of dissolution amongst these eggs over all( American Dental Association, 2000). One of the biggest factors that Country Time Lemonade is eligible to sustain such a great dissolution is because of the acid in lemons/ lemon juice and the amount of sugar added to this solution. As well as the low pH balance of 2.57. A considerable amount of dissolution occurs under these conditions(Ophardt, 2003). Coca ColaEggs submerged in Coca Cola had the second highest erosive potential amongst this set of carbonated drinks. Much like the ending results of Dr. Pepper and Pepsi, Coca Cola also had the same sticky coating around its shell and the discoloration of the egg was brown as well. The solution was gooey just as Dr. Pepper and had a very soft texture to it. The shell was mushy and turned very fragile over each week. By the fourth week, the eggs submerged in Coca Cola were just completely mushy and didn't have stability to them at all, whatsoever. Cola products are severely detrimental to structures. They cause a critical dissolution amongst structures, in this case eggs. Coca Cola is said to be significant in causing bone damage. Coca Cola and Pepsi are both products of Cola, but Coca Cola had a lessened effect on the eggs. The phosphoric acid and sugar contents contained in the soft drink Coca Cola were less than in the solution, Pepsi. Through the comparison of Cola products, it was engrossing to see which would substance had the greatest effect. Originally, it was thought that Coca Cola would cause the most dissolution because it is such a strong acidic drink and had a high sugar content. Needless to say, this wasn't the case, and Pepsi's acidic content was higher; thus leading it to have a lower pH. Although Coca Cola did not have a significant amount of dissolution compared to Pepsi, it still ranked number two out of five. With a dissolution of .447g over the 24 day span, Coca Cola provided the second most decrease( American Dental Association). With a pH balance of and a high sugar content, Coca Cola was able to gain second, yet Pepsi still has Coca Cola beat.In conclusion, the carbonated drinks presented in this essay have provided a true presentation of how the dissolution of eggshells resemble the abfraction and attrition of tooth enamel( Fraunhofer, 2006).These drinks are hard on enamel. The effects stay for a lifetime, and can cause many problem areas. Carbonated drinks cause lesions, caries, and can even cause osteoporosis in actual bone structures by draining the calcium levels in your body. The effects of these soft drinks are not kind on the body. Consuming these acidic substances sets up a lifetime of problems that make you much more susceptible to enamel decay. It is okay to drink these drinks, but it is a must to do it in a moderate way. These substances contain such high acidic levels that cause demineralization in enamel. The phosphorus content of soft drinks can even limit the calcium absorption which can lead to bone loss due to diseases such as osteoporosis(American Dental Association). Some carbonated drinks affect erosion a lot less than others, but this does not add limitations; for these carbonated drinks are still detrimental to one's health. Between soft drinks, Pepsi is definitely the most detrimental of all, and Dr. Pepper is the least detrimental. If carbonated soft drinks are a want, or need, this poll provides a considerate amount of information as to why Dr. Pepper would be the best option. It is still unhealthy and can cause erosion, but of the drinks, it seems to be the best option. Eggs provided a great substitute for teeth in this project. The two structures have so many common features that made it a lot easier to make a comparison. The limitations of calcium absorption played a huge part in creating this project(Texas University, 2016). The final data was fascinating to compare. The results were not the same as the hypothesis, but that made the final results the most riveting of all.

Educational psychology Essay

â€Å"I want my child’s education to be holistic! † â€Å"I don’t like cramming and the loads of homework. † â€Å"I want my child to grow in a stress-free environment. † â€Å"The curriculum must stimulate reasoning and analytical skills. † At the beginning of every academic year this is what you hear from your parents. Newspaper and magazines highlight the stress and strain students undergo during examinations. Good as it may seem, this generate a false hope parents have woken up to view education from a different dimensions. It makes educator believe that they do not want to support a system that evaluates a child’s potential through marks and grades. The success of every child initially depends on parents only. But unfortunately parents suddenly realize the importance of exams, results, percentage and college admissions and begin to rethink and re-valuate their personal convictions. Then they say :†I must prepare my child to enter this competitive world†. â€Å"I must help my child to succeed in life†. What is this success they talk about? Is it a fulfillment of the child’s dream ? Have they channelled the child’s talents to achieve? Instead they run from pillar to post collecting question papers and application forms for all the competitive exams. There is no time to consider what the child wants and need. Children are not perceived as individual. Schools become factories churning out prize commodities. As long as parents fail to consider their children as growing individual with aspirations and talents, institutions will continue to capitalize on mass production. No doubt education is a necessity, but what do you want your child to be? Surely, not automatons and generators of wealth. The goal is to develop them into thinking individuals. Only then will we see change. It is the duty of educationists and the governing bodies to give a new meaning, a new direction and strike a new path towards a meaningful education. This is the foundation for a generation of sensitive and cultured human beings. I think this speech will bring a change in parents mind about child’s problems about their life. Thank you 2: A Parent’s Role in Education Home Education Parents have a vital role in their child’s education. By taking a few simple steps at home, you can help them enjoy school more, improve their studying and homework skills and prepare for college. The articles in this category, A Parent’s Role in Education, are full of tips on to help them with their schoolwork, such as creating a positive learning environment to making learning fun. There are also articles on warning signs to help you identify potential learning or school problems. A Parent’s Role in Education Nothing helps a child succeed like an involved parent. A little willingness from a child’s parents can work wonders in the classroom. Read on to learn more about your role as a parent in the education of your child. Creating a Positive Home Learning Environment Your child needs a special place to call their own. Setting aside a room or nook in your home dedicated to your child’s education will show him or her that you’re serious about their education. Read on to learn more about creating a positive†¦ Evaluating Educational Resources on the Web There are many options available when looking for additional educational help online for your child. An awareness of the costs, services, advantages and disadvantages is crucial. Read on to learn how you can best evaluate educational resources†¦ Improving Your Child’s Grades Parents play an important role in a child’s education. This article examines some very simple things you can do every day provide your child with the support and encouragement they need to take on the challenge of improving their grades. Improving your Child’s Study Habits Learning skills need to be fostered at home. This article provides tips for parents who want to create a home environment that will help their children develop and maintain positive study habits. Preparing a Child for High School The transition from middle school to high school can be challenging and bewildering for some students. Parents can help make this period of great change easier on their children and themselves. Read on to learn more about preparing a child for†¦ Preparing a Child for Junior High School The transition from elementary to middle school or junior high is a difficult one, filled with new social and academic challenges. Here are some tips to help your child prepare for this big change. Reasons Your Child May Be Struggling in School Is your child struggling in school? This article details several of the common reasons why a child might fall behind in their studies — and what parents can do to help. Recognizing Student Struggles 1 of 7: The Importance of Identifying Warning Signs The first in a 7 part series, this feature stresses the importance of recognizing your child’s classroom difficulties and resolving them quickly. Read on to learn more about the importance of identify warning signs and recognizing student†¦ Recognizing Student Struggles 2 of 7: Identifying the Warning Sign–Confidence Levels This article is the second in a seven part series aimed to help parents recognize the warning signs given off by struggling students. Read on to learn more about how you can remain aware of your child’s confidence level, and how you can help†¦ Recognizing Student Struggles 3 of 7: Identifying the Warning Sign–Grades As part of the Recognizing Student Struggles series, this feature explains what a sudden decline in grades might say about a student’s curricular experience. It also offers suggestions for the most appropriate methods of correction should your†¦ Recognizing Student Struggles 4 of 7: Identifying the Warning Sign–Attitude As part of the Recognizing Student Struggles series, this article explores the attitude changes to look for in struggling students and offers suggestions for improving a child’s educational experience. Recognizing Student Struggles 5 of 7: Identifying the Warning Sign–Homework Is your child struggling with their homework. A new approach and an involved parent can work wonders for a child’s success in the classroom. This is the fifth article in the Recognizing Student Struggles series. Recognizing Student Struggles 6 of 7: Identifying the Warning Sign–Class Standing This feature in the Recognizing Student Struggles series discusses the importance listening to your child’s teacher and making use of their feedback. It also highlights what can be done if you’re told that your child has fallen behind in his or†¦ Recognizing Student Struggles 7 of 7: Identifying the Warning Sign–(Lack of ) Determination This article (the last in the Recognizing Student Struggles series) explains several ways to assess a student’s progress and level of determination based on their responses to failure. The 28 educational standards of the state of New York The state of New York has 28 standards that guide elementary and middle school education. This article outlines those standards in detail. The Educational Advantages of Using Computers and the Internet Computer programs and the Internet create educational opportunities not available to previous generations. Read on to learn how modern technologies can become valuable educational tools. Transform Your Child’s Poor Report Card Have your child’s grades taken a turn for the worse? Did they just bring home their first poor report card? Don’t worry. Read on to learn more about how you can help your child transform his or her poor report card.

A Psychoanalytical Approach to the Awakening

The psychoanalytic approach understands us from the point of view of our unconscious and early childhood experiences. The approach is based on Freud’s belief that that there is a structure of the mind that includes the id, the superego and the ego. The plot of The Awakening, revolves around Edna Pontellier and the awakening of her unconscious sexuality, the need for love and her desire of independence. Edna and her family go to a resort to spend their summer.Edna’s husband, Leonce, adores his wife but considers her to be neglectful as a wife and a mother. â€Å"He reproached his wife with her inattention, her habitual neglect of the children. † (Chopin, 2005, Chapter 3, para. 6). At the resort she meets Robert, the owner’s son, and realizes that she can no longer pretend that she is happy with her husband and her children. This unconscious realization is triggered by the sight of the ocean one day. The sight made Edna think of simpler times when she believ ed that she could attain anything.Edna reminisced how about how looking at the ocean reminded her of when she was a teenager and would walk through a meadow that â€Å"seemed as big as the ocean,† (Chopin, 2005, Chapter 7, para. 15). She confided in Madam Ratignolle that â€Å"sometimes I feel this summer as if I were walking through the green meadow again; idly, aimlessly, unthinking and unguided. † (Chopin, 2005, Chapter 7, para. 20) I believe this was her first unconscious realization that she missed not having the responsibilities of being a wife and a mother.Later in the story, the sea becomes a symbol of empowerment. â€Å"As she swam she seemed to be reaching out for the unlimited in which to lose herself. † (Chopin, 205, Chapter 10, para. 10). It was after learning to swim that Edna began to stand up for herself, such as she did when Leonce demanded that she go into the house that evening and she refused. She recalled that in the past she had always succ umbed to his demands without a thought. This was no longer the case with her. Finally, Edna chose to end her life in the ocean.The thought of not being able to have Robert had pushed her to the edge. She also could not bear the thought of forgetting about Robert in the same way that she had forgotten the gentleman that she had crossed the meadow for so many years ago. As she swam out into the water, she was â€Å"thinking of the blue-grass meadow that she had traversed when a little child, believing that it had no beginning and no end. † (Chopin, 2005, Chapter 39, para. 28) References Chopin, K. (2005). The Awakening. Vitalsource Digital Version. Raleigh, NC: Hayes Barton Press.

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 17

Personal statement - Essay Example The vibrant and energetic environment, a learning environment that is very conducive, state of art facilities, research, and innovation in the institution provides a perfect gateway to success of the student. As a student at Iowa University, I have been able to learn and contribute in diverse areas outside the academic world. My leadership skills surpassed expectations when I was elected the vice president of Chinese Union in the University. This position required exceptional leadership skills, organization, and dedication. Holding such a senior position made me realize that focus and diligence are the keys to success in any endeavor. University of Miami is a multicultural center and therefore will be the most opportune place to further my interest in intercultural activities. I have realized that a student life must be enriched by participation outside the academic world. Therefore, I successfully initiated a band named â€Å"NO IDEA† that seeks and promotes musical talents through composing and performing songs. Certainly, I will be best placed in University of Miami as a music enthusiast through various talent exposition programs offered by the university. Additionally, Miami is located in an environment that is similar to my hometown and this will be a great advantage when adapting to the new environment. I have profound teamwork skills, which I gained as a volleyball captain. Indeed, I was able to train and improve the performance of the team up to national standards. Currently, I am the proprietress of the university photography club, which nurtures and promotes skills in photography among the student community. I believe these teamwork and interpersonal skills will enable me integrate with the culturally diverse community in Miami University. It will be a great opportunity to grow intellectually, personally, and culturally. However, I believe that my diverse

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 43

Economics - Essay Example Globalization is the reason why situations mentioned above happened in the every corner of the world. Globalization shortens the distances between people and countries and makes foreign products approachable for people all over the world. It has huge impacts on both environment and the labor markets in positive ways and negative ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Decades ago when people were talking about the consequences of globalization, the positive outcomes always came up first to their mind. It is true that globalization brought us whom are customers a lot convenience and broader options toward products with relatively lower prices. Because of globalization Chinese people can buy European mobiles such as BMWs without going to Europe and drive it all the back from there to China. They can order it from China without even walking out of their house; and probably the car will park in front of their house the next day after they purchased. Globalization has huge impact on labor standards mainly because it has provided many job opportunities world widely. Many international firms have their branch companies overseas in order to expand their market and reduce the cost of the company; as a result of this many job positions are provided besides the jobs in the local labor market. Different branch company of a firm has different description of their work tasks by considering the different situations in different areas, such as the different cost of labor and capital. Eventually, the labor standard is specified in each area. Countries like China and India are mainly focusing on manufacturing which needs huge amount of labor and capital such as land; because of the lower cost of labor and capital there. On the contrary, countries such as Germany and United States are focusing on financial services and technology support, which needs people will higher skills. As a result the cost of labor and

Management of External Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management of External Resources - Essay Example tcomes of the poor relationship management with the subcontractors. The outcome of such poor relationships and communication with the suppliers and subcontractors is that they start looking to take advantage for their business rather than for the project they have been chosen to work on, so in order to ensure that the suppliers and subcontractors are working for the benefit of the company or project the relationship and communication should be emphasized more. The relationships with the suppliers and subcontractors can be improved by working jointly for one goal, it is the managements job to ensure that the supplier or subcontractor is working for maintaining a long term relationship with the company or is very much devoted to the project that is undergoing, the changing attitude of the supplier is a hint that he wants to either end the relationship or is willing to get some more benefits from the company, in such circumstances it is the job of the management to ask the supplier about the problems they are facing, a very good idea about maintaining a very good relationship with the suppliers that is commonly seen in the successful companies is that the managers of those companies know every thing about the suppliers, they know their backgrounds, their history of working and even the names of their children, this is a very good technique to maintain healthy relationships with the supplier, as the supplier would now pay attention to the particular company and would take interest in its operations as they would see that the company is also taking interest in their personal life. In modern times it is so commonly found that the companies are paying bonuses to the suppliers and else they are providing them with complimentary gifts such as air tickets for spending the holidays outside the country and also many other rewards are given to them to ensure that they all are working for the benefit of the company, one can say that it is not a relationship of love but it is a relationship of need, both of them are dependent on each other. It is also seen that there are many companies that are having problems in making payments to the suppliers, they usually cause a lot of bad debts in the suppliers or subcontractors accounts, as a result supplier either stops supplying the raw material or subcontractor stops working on the project or the supplier brings in the name of the company in bad customers list. To avoid this happening the company has few choices, again it is the management's job to clear all the billings of the supplier and secondly if the company has

UK Taxation System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

UK Taxation System - Essay Example Alongside, the developments in the indirect taxation are also described. Income Tax is believed to be the largest source of earning equating up to 30% of the total tax revenue in UK. This is charged on salaries from employment, on rental income for let-out properties, on bank and building societies' interests and on company dividends. The one that comes next in this list is the Value Added Tax (VAT). VAT is charged to the customer by businesses on the supply of goods and services in the country. The revenue generated by the UK government by way of VAT comes somewhere around to 23% of the total tax revenue and also this is believed to be the second largest earner of revenue to the government. Apart from this the government of UK also generates revenue through some other kinds of taxes like the National Insurance Contributions (NIC), duties and Corporations Tax, the contribution of which are believed to be 21%, 16% and 8% respectively. There exist also other sources of contributions like the Capital Gains Tax (CGT), Inheritance Tax (IHT), Stamp Duty (SD) and Stamp Duty Land Tax (SDLT) etc., which form the rest of the total tax revenue. The Tax Year: The Tax Year in the United Kingdom starts on the 6th of April in the current year and ends on 5th of April in the following year. All the citizens of the country pay their income tax by reference to the same. The different kinds of rates and allowances relating to taxes are finalized in the Annual Budget which is scheduled every year in the month of March. The Tax System: A study conducted in the previous year reveals that almost 29.5 million individuals do pay tax in the form of income tax in UK. Indirect taxes are collected in the form of Excise duties, Vehicle excise duties, Insurance premium tax, Air passenger duty, Landfill Tax and Aggregates Levy etc. The government of UK levies excise duty particularly on five types of goods. They are tobacco, fuel, beer, wine and beer. A flat rate is followed for levying tax on these particular goods. When it comes to tobacco, they are additionally subject to a tax called ad valorem tax. This ad valorem tax is set up at an amount of 22% of the total retail price. The following table shows the tax rates of duties that were levied in the year 2006-07. Table.1 Excise duties, 2006-07 Good Duty (pence) Total duty as a % of price Total tax as a % of price Packet of 20 cigars: Specific + ad valorem 314 66.4 81.3 Pint of Beer 29 13.5 28.4 Wine (75cl bottle) 129 38.2 53.1 Spirits (70cl bottle) 548 48.0 62.9 Ultra-Low sulphur petrol 47 50.8 65.7 Ultra-Low sulphur diesel 47 49.1 64.0 Sources: HM Revenue and Customs website (customs.hmrc.gov.uk/channelsPortalWebApp/channelsPortalWebApp.portal'_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pageExcise_InfoGuides); UK Trade Info website - www.uktradeinfo.co.uk; National Statistics - www.statistics.gov.uk Capital Gains Tax: The concept of Capital Gains tax was introduced in the year 1965. These capital gains are supposed to be levied on the