Benefits of Traditional Foods Essay

1. Contain fewer chemicals Traditional food traditional food is no chemicals food. 2. Health benefits Many traditional foods are beneficial to health. Example: the sweets or pickles made of fruits and vegetables. 3. Nutritious Indonesian traditional foods contain a lot of good nutrition and nutrients that good for health. Like rendang from West Sumatera, made from meat containing proteins. 4. Made from natural ingredients Indonesian traditional food made from ingredients that highly nutritious, healthy, and safe. Like artificial colorings made from pandan leaves. 5. According to the taste of Indonesian society Indonesian traditional food accordance of the public taste. So it is believed to have good potential to be developed. 6. Cheaper Indonesian traditional foods are cheaper than foreign foods. 7. Easier to find Indonesian traditional foods are available and easier to find. Like the sale of souvenirs and traditional local markets. 8. Creates jobs Another positive economic effect of a more locally-based food system is shown by creation of new jobs and small businesses. 9. Economic progress One advantage of local food is not talked about much but should be since it has tremendous potential to bring about positive change in communities all over the industrialized world. This is the economic impact of shifting to a more locally-based diet. Since every household in every community spends a significant chunk of money on food, the impact on the local economy of shifting even a portion of the expenditures to local items can be quite large. 10. Economic benefits The existence of economic ( forward or backward linkages) profits in line with more options and variety of food from traditional food product, imported and the combination of both Indonesian and foreign food. So it can also be introduced to foreign markets.

Committee on reorganization

Leone P. Aboard, DVD, which basically aims for appropriate alignment of descriptive titles of seventeen (17) positions to be reconciled to actual nature of work rendered by the respective incumbents thereto under the Office headed by the latter, entails no change In salary grade levels and/or step Increments. The Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 160) gives the lawful authority to the Sanguinary Penalizing the determination of positions paid wholly or mainly from the provincial funds (Section 447), to which the subject Letter- Request pertains.However, Section 325(f) of the same law provides a limitation for the exercise of such authority by the SP, to wit: â€Å"(f) No changes in designation or nomenclature of positions resulting in a promotion or demotion in rank or increase or decrease In compensation shall be allowed except when the position is actually vacant, and the filling of such positions shall be strictly made In accordance with civil arrive law, rules and r egulations. The subject Request of the Honorable Governor complies with the Limitation abovementioned. In fact, it does not consist of promotion or demotion or of increase requesting Office had identified only twelve (12) positions to be re-titled. Because presently held by incumbents, such positions to be re-titled are requested in consonance with the certification issued by the Human Resource Management Office (HARM) of the Province.Thus, the positions of one Livestock Inspector V (Item No. 7) and four Livestock Inspector VI (Item No's. And 6), as originally listed by the questing Provincial Veterinarian, had been excluded due to the finding made by the Office of the Governor of the absence of approved Qualification Standards to be met by the incumbent appointees thereto set forth by the Civil Service Commission, and as another requisite to be met so pointed out in the certification issued by the HARM.

Discuss the Distinction Between a Fundamental and a Subordinate Moral Principle

Discuss the distinction between a fundamental and a subordinate moral principle using the utilitarian theory as an example. A fundamental moral principle is a moral principle which is the ultimate basis for evaluating the rightness or wrongness of all acts. It is the ultimate and final reason in itself. It is the intrinsic value of the moral principle itself, not that it appeals to other moral principle or justified by other reasons, that makes it the fundamental moral principle.The absolutist nature of a fundamental moral principle is such that it can be applied to all acts, real or imaginary. A subordinate moral principle, on the other hand, is a moral principle which is justified by appealing to other moral principles. That is to say, its relevance and applicability in any situation is dependent on its ability to fulfill other moral principles. Therefore, it can only be applied selectively, to situations whereby the subordinate moral principle can help to fulfill other moral princ iples.Within the context of the utilitarian theory, a utilitarian would evaluate all acts based on whether, as quoted from John Stuart Mill, â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure. † In other words, maximizing happiness is the fundamental moral principle of a utilitarian as a utilitarian will evaluate all acts of its rightness or wrongness based on whether it maximizes happiness and not by any other yardstick.A non-utilitarian, on the other hand, does not hold the same fundamental moral principle of maximizing happiness. A non-utilitarian can be moral absolutist, a moderate non-utilitarian with several other moral principles. In this essay, I shall use fantastic examples to help distinguish a fundamental moral principle from a subordinate moral principle as fantastic examples w ill help to eliminate variables, remove uncertainties and to limit the scope of the examples so that it will best highlight the difference between a fundamental moral principle and a subordinate moral principle.For instance, if not telling a lie would maximize happiness, both the non-utilitarian and the utilitarian will choose not to lie. The non-utilitarian will choose not to lie because he or she believes that it is morally wrong to lie, that it is intrinsically wrong to lie. The utilitarian will choose to adopt the same course of action not because he or she has subscribed to the view that telling lies is intrinsically wrong, but because not telling lies will maximize happiness.Therefore, the utilitarian chooses to adopt the principle that telling lies is wrong is chosen because in this specific scenario, not telling lies maximizes happiness and not because there is a specific utilitarian rule that not telling lies is always preferable. It is hence a subordinate principle as the reason it is adopted is not due to its own merits or its intrinsic value, but due to its ability to achieve the fundamental overarching moral principle of utilitarianism. However, if telling lies would maximize happiness, a utilitarian would choose to do so.The fundamental moral principle behind choosing to tell a lie would be because it maximizes happiness and the moral principle that telling lies is morally wrong will be ditched as it is no longer justified. The subordinate moral principle, that telling lies is wrong, is no longer useful in fulfilling the fundamental moral principle, which is to maximize happiness. For example, when deciding to take away the life of someone, a non-utilitarian, will decide not to do so as it is intrinsically wrong to take away the life of another person.A utilitarian will not consider the morality of taking away the life of another person but only consider if the act will maximize happiness or not. If, as on most occasions, taking away the life of someone does not maximize happiness and instead create immense pain and suffering on the victim’s loved ones and family members who depend upon the victim for a living, what would a utilitarian choose to do? A utilitarian will choose not to do so, just as the non-utilitarian will, not because it is intrinsically wrong to do so, but because it maximizes happiness.Hence, the moral principle of not taking away the life of someone is a subordinate principle as the reason it is adopted is not due to its own merits or its intrinsic value, but due to its ability to achieve the fundamental overarching moral principle of utilitarianism. Consider the situation where an elderly man is under immense pain from an incurable disease and is rendered paralyzed by the disease. His family members are under a lot of stress trying to take good care of him and, observing the overwhelming agony he suffers, are under a lot of pain.Both the elderly man and his family members beg the doctor to euthani ze him, to take away his life. Doing so would relieve him and his family members from a lot of pain and stress. In such a situation, what would a utilitarian doctor choose to do? The utilitarian will choose to take away the life of that elderly person because it will maximize happiness. The moral principle that taking away the life of another person is wrong will be ditched as it is no longer justified in that it no longer fulfills the fundamental moral principle, which is to maximize happiness.That particular moral principle that taking away the life of another person is wrong is therefore a subordinate moral principle as its relevance and applicability is based on its ability to fulfill the fundamental moral principle, and when it fails to do so, it is cast aside and no longer taken into consideration. In essence, the fundamental moral principle is a moral principle which one adheres to in all circumstances whereas the applicability and relevance of a subordinate moral principle i s dependent on its ability to fulfill the fundamental moral principle.If the subordinate moral principle no longer fulfills the fundamental moral principle, as demonstrated by the examples of white lie and euthanasia, it will be ditched. By using such fantastic examples to help strip down a person’s principles to the barest forms, the fundamental over-arching moral principles one holds can be easily identified and differentiated from one’s subordinate moral principles.

My philosophy of pedagogy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My philosophy of pedagogy - Essay Example When I came to USA, the first thing I wanted to learn was driving. I did not know driving because in Saudi Arabia, women are denied the right to drive. So I was very excited to learn how to drive. I received the training from my husband, Anees. Anees started from the basics because I was the beginner. I learned the functions of different tools and parts of the car. In the beginning, Anees would take me to lonely paths so that I would not be distracted by traffic and would be able to fully concentrate upon driving. Besides, this also allowed me escape possible accidents. Anees taught me the use of gears and break. I learned the meaning of the letter on each gear. Letter D means drive, letter P means parking, letter N means nothing, and the letter R means turn back. Once he thought I had gained sufficient control over the car, Anees took me to the roadside and told me the significance of traffic signals. I found it all a bit confusing in the beginning, but the anxiety receded as I prac ticed more. Â  The hardest part was driving on the highway. Cars rushing past me freaked me out. I was not very used to fast driving. But once I made it to my destination, it inculcated a feeling of confidence in me. I kept driving ever since and today, I have my own driving license and can dive independently. I am very grateful to my husband for his sincere help. Â  I always believed that I could be a very good teacher. I polished my husband’s creative writing skills. First, I taught him how to write.... Once he thought I had gained sufficient control over the car, Anees took me to the roadside and told me the significance of traffic signals. I found it all a bit confusing in the beginning, but the anxiety receded as I practiced more. The hardest part was driving on the highway. Cars rushing past me freaked me out. I was not very used to fast driving. But once I made it to my destination, it inculcated a feeling of confidence in me. I kept driving ever since and today, I have my own driving license and can dive independently. I am very grateful to my husband for his sincere help. I always believed that I could be a very good teacher. I polished my husband’s creative writing skills. I secured my Bachelor degree in English language from the Spring International Language Center. I was senior to my husband, and my essay writing skills were far better than his. Owing to the fact that men in our country are weak in expressing their emotions, my husband found it difficult to write a good essay. Therefore, I resolved to assist him with essay writing. I started with the basics. First, I taught him how to write an introduction in the American style. I told him that he ought to begin with a hook. I told him that it is important to write a hook to gain the attention of readers. Then, I told him to write a thesis statement to give the readers a fair idea of the content of the body of the essay. I told him that the body of an essay elaborates on what has been said in the thesis statement. Writing the topic sentence for each new paragraph was a bit confusing for Anees, but he started to develop better topic sentences as he practiced more. I suggested Anees to use different kinds of

Discuss FEMINISM IDEOLOGY and relate it to social work practice and Essay

Discuss FEMINISM IDEOLOGY and relate it to social work practice and values - Essay Example The form of feminine liberalism is more a fusion of individual rights and active government; it consists of two main parts. Firstly, the social-welfare component prescribes significant social and economic functions to alleviate the effects of capitalism. The philosophys second major component reaffirms classical liberalisms central values. This work goes into greater detail about the different feminine ideologies within the main body of the work. It also goes on to orchestrate how the variations in liberalist attitudes and perceptions have an impact on the type of social work and services that are offered and rendered to people in society. The conclusion of the work illustrates that in a democratic society, social feminine liberalism can, in a sense, add stability while sustaining individual liberty. Likewise, in the areas of individual rights, freedoms and economic equality, the feminine ideologies are vindicated in their quest for reinterpretation. Through welfare, some liberty wil l be sacrificed, but in this way, equality imposed in the right amount can strike a satisfying balance in social work and in the social life of all people. It is first very important to understand the fundamental distinction between the two different kinds of liberty and consequently the origins of such that exist within feminine ideology. This is because an assortment of the feminine ideologies, such as liberalism, delves into the more political aspects that affect people in a social atmosphere. These political elements also affect the type of services that people get from social services as well. Throughout history, these political entities have been addressed, dating as far back as the 16th century. In 1690 John Locke wrote the essay, ‘Two Treatises of Government’, where he redefined the relationship between government and the people,

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Philosophy - Essay Example They are motivated and have directions with clear mission in life. Religious people are the only ones to feel comfort through their supernatural powers where their involved in religious practices to seek divine interventions, from their practices such as prayers. Through these activities they believe that their goals will be achievable as they work under these motivation aspects to achieve their goals. Non religious are viewed as people who will only feel comfortable when the things they care about overcome challenges on them and prevail their success, that the only thing that can bring meaning to their life. The Relationship between the religious people and non religious is that all groups have to work under certain motivation factors to gain comfort, by committing themselves to things they care about such as, promising careers, their families and material things to support their satisfaction in life. Even though, they have different capabilities and approaches to achieve them. Reli gious people may seek supernatural assistance to overcome their challenges while the non religious have to come up with new things to counter the challenges they face every day in their life... Finally to be on the light sides to know the meaning of life is being able to learn the meaning of comfort which will help people achieve a meaningful life, without literary interpreting it as only information we learn or reflect only on purpose of life merely as to accomplish certain tasks we believe we were created for on this universe. The premises Tom Nagel also a philosopher argues that life is not about accomplishing purposes or meeting certain objectives that we interpret to have been created for, while we feel uncomfortable and loss of sense to them. as per religious believe that God created us to abide by the religious rules and acknowledge his presence, but to do things in a way that opens up to us the meaning of life why we should live? What do we think about for our comfort? This what those religious practices teaches Christian’s to trust so that they can overcome difficulties in their life and find comfort for a meaningful life. Therefore, life has not actually been fully understood by people as their view things according to their understanding and external influences may be their customs, beliefs and norms will evaluate their meaning of life. In fact, there is endless interpretation of life from all sorts of things and evidences, so circumstances and practices we do in our life shapes our comfort levels and the purposes we should achieve in our life for us to live or have a mean full living on universe. Life has so many encounters and challenges every day and people in every generation that preceded the other. They try to interpret things that are beyond their power differently and have different views, solutions and understanding on them. The main purpose of the questions people have every day in their life is to get the information and the real b ackground why things happen like that, and what can we do to understand them. For example, people may want to know. What does it mean when the sky above is blue but there is a dark line all the way around the horizon? This question may find a lot of answers from different angles. Where people may see it according to the purpose they think is there to serve so information cannot only define the purpose of life, this

How do news effect financial market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

How do news effect financial market - Essay Example The main aim of this paper is to determine whether news affect the performance of financial markets whilst using data from the UK economy. Indisputably, financial markets are fundamental within specific economies as well as the global economy. Through financial markets, various economies can estimate their performances. As a result, any volatility experienced within the financial markets should be identified, tested, and controlled. One of the factors that cause volatility within financial markets is the news. News, irrespective of its nature (good or bad), affects the performance of financial markets within the global economy, which consequently affects the operation of other markets and sectors of the individual economies. Identifying the macroeconomic variables associated with financial markets is an important step in analyzing the impact of news on the performance of financial markets (Tetlock, 2007). Amongst the identified macroeconomic variables in the UK include manufacturing index, oil prices, housing index, UK inflation, unemployment, LIBOR rates, long term interest rates, industrial index, service index, and output expectation. Understanding the behavior of these macroeconomic variables within a financial market as a result of changes in news is likely to assist in the overall understanding of the overall impact of news on financial markets (Roley & Troll, 2003). The methodology used by Ewing (2002) in finding the impact of macroeconomic news on the returns of financial companies shall be broadly adopted in this paper with various changes and modifications to suit the specific research question. The reason for choosing Ewing’s (2002) paper is that it provides a clear understanding on the regression analysis between macroeconomic news and returns of financial companies. Financial companies directly deal with products of the financial markets. In addition, macroeconomic news is a form of news that this paper can

Content Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Content Analysis - Assignment Example 3G helps fulfill the needs of its users to have instant access to corporate networks, e-mail and the internet. 3G also helps use certain personal-use applications ranging from multimedia and e-commerce applications to â€Å"smart† appliances. Evolution of 3G also ensures the development of the envisioned advanced applications in the near future. The article also mentions some perfect advantages of the 3G technology. This technology enables managers’ instant teleconferencing with their colleagues in case they r on drive. This is made as simple by 3G as making a phone call to someone while driving or being busy. Similarly, mobile video on demand is another interesting use of 3G that helps users to watch sports highlights, news and video clips of their choice anytime on their cell phones. Today 3G enabled vehicles are capturing the auto industry. These enable the drives to have access to the traffic view cameras, gaming, internet access, and video-streaming. The second selected article shows the positive aspects of social networking. Reading this particular article will allow you to know and understand the benefits that accrue to the users while using social networking. These benefits are: Social networking provides a cheaper way to advertise as it costs very less to a person in employment of social networking strategies online compared to paying huge amounts for other alternatives. Social networking enables businesses to know what their customers and users like in their products or services and what they do not. Since advertisement is impersonal and this concept does not work so well now, the personal relationship gained through socializing with customer is very much valuable comparing to advertisement. It always creates trust and credibility when you connect with your customers on a personal level. Simply ask for help, offer expertise and services by socializing with customers because you may be deemed spam if you

The Technological Innovations and the Business Strategy of BBC Essay

The Technological Innovations and the Business Strategy of BBC - Essay Example Over the years, the company grew from a single person entity to one that employs people in the thousands and spans across the globe in its operations. (Briggs, 1985) The BBC is well known for its record of impartiality and independence in reporting and coverage of news events. Though there has been some criticism in the recent past about the way in which it has handled some events, nonetheless, on the whole, the record of BBC has been relatively unblemished. The BBC is a pioneer in terms of launching a global news channel covering almost all regions in the world. To quote from the profile of BBC on its website, â€Å"The BBC is the largest broadcasting organization in the world. Its mission is to enrich peoples lives with programmes that inform, educate and entertain. It is a public service broadcaster, established by a Royal Charter and funded by the license fee that is paid by UK households. The BBC uses the income from the license fee to provide services including 8 national TV channels plus regional programming, 10 national radio stations, 40 local radio stations and an extensive website.† (BBC, 2010) The business strategy of BBC is relatively straightforward. The primary revenue earner for BBC is through its license fee that averages around 145 GBP per year per household. This is the fee paid by individual households to receive the broadcast television in the UK. Though there is no fee to own a television in the UK, there is a fee to receive the cable TV. However, the world service of the BBC is funded by government and as the website puts it, â€Å"BBC World Service broadcasts to the world on radio, on TV and online, providing news and information in 32 languages. It is funded by a government grant, not from the license fee.† (BBC, 2010) The technological innovations that have been introduced by the BBC are to do with the re-launched news website that receives visitors in the millions. The BBC claims the site to be "Europe's most popular content-based site" and states that 13.2  million people in the UK visit the site's more than two million pages each day.

Enhancing Employability in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Enhancing Employability in Marketing - Essay Example The world has achieved tremendous grounds in the technological advancement and therefore much of the marketing is done through technology based communication (Clark 2004, p. 203). As such, a little creativity is needed which will determine whether graduates secure jobs and afterwards they can keep them by being able to perform. Bolstering a marketing degree with other professional qualifications related to finance is also important so that potential employers can be attracted to your technical capabilities in marketing (Gibbs, Steel & Kuiper 2011, p. 379). Current Employability/Graduate Trends in Marketing According to recent studies and research in the job market, marketing careers are on the increase whereas other careers are decreasing. This is a good indication that the marketing industry is growing and opening new areas for graduates to work and explore. Despite the fact that many industries have recently undergone serious cutbacks during the previous economic hard times, market ing is still an important aspect of firms. Marketing forms the basis of attracting and selling a firm to new clients while still maintaining the already existing clientele. It follows then that in the face of a shrinking economy and earnings, firms have to invest in marketing in order to keep afloat in the corporate world. Thanks to technology, the marketing can be simple or complicated depending on the amount of capital available (Bennett 2002, p. 464). Gone are the days when business directories were the major modes of advertising a business. With the advent of the internet, marketing campaigns have become relatively easy because all that a firm needs is to open a website and upload all its required information there. In the past, business firms needed to spend a lot of capital in sending mail to their customers. When potential customers go online to search for goods and services, there is are huge potential that is created for sales both now and in the future. These adverts are c reated by marketing career people because they know what the client wants and they understand their goods and services. As such, being able to understand the market trends and having IT skills is very important in the marketing filed (Achrol & Kotler 1999, p. 152). Recent changes in the way business reposition themselves for competitive advantage has led changing trends on what is required of marketers. Marketing people must also change with time and adapt to the new market demands by first becoming technology savvy. This entails being able to develop and implement all the different ways in which business can market themselves through technology. The jobs in marketing can be very vague (generalized) or specialised depending on a business’s size. In large business firms, there are many activities and campaigns that need coordination and therefore they usually need specialized marketers. On the other hand, small business outfits need a marketer who is able to handle all forms o f challenging marketing problems with no specialized training. However, some firms usually need a marketer who can popularize their goods and services to the general public without much use of resources or technology (Brousseau, Driver, Eneroth & Larson 1996, p. 59). Career Paths of a Marketing Degree Marketing as course encompasses a wide array of activities that are related to conceptions about the delivery of goods and services. In this regards, there are many options in which career paths may be oriented

Mentoring in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mentoring in Practice - Essay Example Mentoring is the process of supporting and guiding people with the aim of empowering them so that they can better manage and benefit from their own potentials, skills and advance their performance and reach where they want to reach. It is also a perfect tool for empowering and developing personal skills and helping people to advance in their careers. The process of mentoring, established under the principle of communal trust and esteem involves two partners, mentor and mentee, with the same objectives (Mentorset 2008). A mentor guides and helps the mentee to take the right direction towards achieving their careers. Mentors usually are people having the same experiences, having a deep understanding of the issue involved, and hence providing the mentee with the chance to reflect on the career options before him and make progress. Therefore, a mentor helps the mentee to believe in himself and uplift his confidence. Finally, the mentee will be able to understand better and direct his life towards a chosen destination (Ongycp n.d.) The roles and the responsibilities of a mentor are very diverse and complex depending on the question in consideration. The mentor does not decide for the mentee but only assists him to decide. The mentor only guides, facilitates and acts as a role model to the mentee towards where the mentee want to reach (Nakagawa 2012). As time goes, the roles and the responsibilities of the mentor may change depending on the changes in the objectives and needs of the mentee. This is because; each stage reached may require different strategies in order to move successfully to the next stage. However, as the goals, needs and objectives shift, the most important idea to keep in mind is that the mentor always ensures and guarantees the mentee his freedom to develop his own goals (University of Southern Queensland 2014). A mentor is an experienced person who provides guidance to the less experience one by enhancing trust and cultivating positive

Sub-Saharan Africa Essay Example for Free

Sub-Saharan Africa Essay A â€Å"little more than a hundred years ago much of Africa was a vast unknown† (Gestrin xix). It is different and has many untapped natural resources such as cobalt, gold, chrome, platinum, and uranium. The most significant turning point in Africa’s history is the G8 plan. The G8 plan, Leaders of the Group of Eight, signed an agreement with African leaders to support development. Economic growth there is credited to 80 percent of poverty reduction. Each Sub-Saharan Africa country has its own native language; however, there are usually other secondary languages. â€Å"Lingua franca† is a language that is systematically used to communicate with those not speaking the native language. Sub-Saharan Africa is comprised of forty-eight countries with a population of more than 500 million (Gestrin xx). The population has been doubling every twenty-four years; â€Å"more than half of the population in most sub-Saharan countries is under the age of fifteen† (Gestrin 57). So, one can say that sub-Saharan Africa is very â€Å"developed† in that way. The region of Sahel stretches â€Å"from Mauritamia and Senegal in the west across Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, northern Nigeria, and Chad in the east† (Gestrin 185). Cultural differences among the Muslims and Christians cause political divisions and military conflicts. There has also been a long history of drought, famine, and depopulation. Thus, people are involved in farming and food processing to ease the situation. The same cultural differences existed in Nigeria. As a result, the country was governed as two separate ones. In 1997, Nigeria was named â€Å"the most corrupt country to do business in† since many Nigerians were known as con artists and hustlers (Gestrin 178). Ethnic turmoil in Rwanda resulted from conflicts from the Hutu and the Tutsi peoples. The Hutus were cultivators and comprised 85 percent of the population; the Tutsis were herders and were the remaining 14 percent. Both groups are Catholic, spoke the same language, and shared customs. Both the German and Belgian colonialists allowed the Tutsis to rule over the Hutus; the Hutus resented them because of their wealth (Gestrin 15). Apartheid began in 1948 in South Africa as a means of political separation. People were classified into four racial groups: black, white, coloured (mixed races), and Indian or Asian. Resistance to apartheid began in 1974 when Portugal withdrew forces from Mozambique and, Angola. Anti-apartheid movements were happening in the United States and Europe; the countries began boycotts against South Africa. An election was held on April 27, 1994. As a result, Nelson Mandela became South Africa’s president on May 10, 1994. As of January 15, 2009, there are 11 million refugees in Africa; Congo, Somalia, and Sudan are the worst cases. Many of these refugees are driven from their homes due to ethnic conflicts and civil war (2). In 2007, 75 percent of all AIDS deaths occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa. Unprotected anal sex between men is the biggest reason for the majority of AIDS cases. In addition, condom use is rare among heterosexual couples. About 90 percent of couples say that they do not use condoms. Sharing infected drug needles also spreads the disease (3). Sex work is also common. Unfortunately, â€Å"health services in many countries are swamped by the need to care for increasing numbers of infected and sick people† (Gestrin 69). Only the affluent can afford the medications. Works Cited Gestrin, Phyllis and Yale Richmond. Into Africa: Intercultural Insights. Yarmouth: Intercultural Press, Inc. , 1998. Peacekeeping: Eleven Million African Refugees (2009). Retrieved June 23, 2009 from http://www. strategypage. com. Sub-Saharan Africa: 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Retrieved June 15 2009 from http://www. inaids. org.

Importance of Cell Cultures

Importance of Cell Cultures Introduction Cell culture is an extremely widely used process by which cells are removed from their natural environment and grown artificially under controlled and monitored conditions. It occurs in vitro, or in glass, more specifically in multicellular eukaryotic cells. The cells may be removed from their habitat directly and disaggregated with enzymes or mechanically before harvesting, or they may be a derivative of a cell line that has been created previously. It was adapted from a practice used in the early 1900s and since then it has expanded and advanced research and scientific knowledge enormously. The conditions required for each culture vary, however the artificial environments conditions are consistent. It must consist of a suitable vessel which contains a medium that provides vital nutrients such as amino acids, vitamins, carbohydrates and minerals. Growth factors and hormones are also needed, as well as oxygen and carbon dioxide. It must monitor and regulate physico-chemical environme nt which includes pH and osmotic pressure, as well as temperature. Temperature is kept at 37Â °C, CO2 levels at 5% and humidity at 95%. Cell cultures are an extremely important tool for healthcare scientists. They provide a model system for physiology and biochemistry of selected cells to be studied. By examining their physiology their aging pathway can be studied and their biochemistry allows processes such as metabolic rate to be observed. The cells interaction with drugs could also be observed which proves a useful tool for drug screening programs, clinical trials and pharmaceutical companies. Whatever the purpose for using cell cultures, it is an extremely consistent and reliable process that has good reproducibility of results that can be obtained using a batch of clonal cells. Primary cell cultures are cultures that grow and maintain cells dissociated from their parental tissue via mechanical or enzymatic methods. They can be either adherent or suspension cells. Adherent cells are also known as anchorage dependent cells because they require attachment for growth. These cells are usually derived from organs such as the kidney where they are immobile and implanted into connective tissue. Suspension cells are the opposite and dont require attachment to the culture vessel for growth. These types of cells are anchorage independent cells. They are cells that derive from the blood, where they arent attached to anything but are still suspended e.g. in plasma like lymphocytes. A secondary culture is a primary culture that has been sub-cultured. The sub-culture (passage) occurs when the cells are transferred from a culture vessel to another. This provides fresh nutrients and space for continued growth, because a primary culture has a finite life span. Common primary and secondary lines can be found in Table 1. After the first sub-culture, the culture becomes known as the cell line. Cells only undergo a finite number of replication cycles before cell death. This means that some cell lines will be finite cell lines. However, some cells undergo transformation. This can occur spontaneously but can also be virally induced in vitro. Undergoing transformation gives the cell the ability to divide infinitely, such as HeLa cells. The HeLa line is the oldest and most commonly used continuous cell line. Cervical cancer cells biopsied from Henrietta Lacks in 1951 show that they are remarkably durable and prolific. In 2012, Turner published a paper documenting its importance in the development of the polio vaccine. Table 1: Summary comparison table of cell line examples, their uses and origins Cell Line Original Cells Example paper Henrietta Lack (HeLa) cell line Cervical cancer cells from a biopsy from Henrietta Lacks, first immortalised cell line (Turner, 2012) COS-7 cell line Fibroblast-like cells from African Green Monkey kidney tissue (Vacante et al., 1989) SH-SY5Y cell line Neuroblastoma cells from a biopsy of a 4-year old female TO FIND AND ENTER!!! Hep G2 cell line Hepatocellular carcinoma cells from a biopsy of a 15-year old males liver (Mersch-Sundermann et al., 2004) Jurkat cell line T-lymphocyte cells in the blood of a 14-year old male leukaemia patient (Wang et al., 2012) The COS-7 cell line is a line derived from African green monkey kidney tissue. It is used in research against SV40, a cancer causing virus that was hidden in the polio vaccine (Vacante et al., 1989). The Hep G2 cell line is another continuous cell line of hepatocellular carcinoma. It plays a vital part in the research of human liver diseases by being a model for intracellular trafficking (Mersch-Sundermann et al., 2004). Jurkat cells, another continuous line, are a line of lymphocyte cells used to study leukaemia, T-cell signalling and HIV (Wang et al., 2012). This review will explore the use of cell lines in the laboratory and their applications. SH-SY5Y will be a particular focus, and will explore the application and importance of the cell line as one of the only lines used to study neuronal function and differentiation. SH-SY5Y cell line SH-SY5Y cells are a derivative cell line used majorly in scientific research. SH-SY5Y originally was cloned from a biopsy of bone marrow derived line called SK-N-SH, and then named as SH-SY. The biopsy was from a 4-year old female with neuroblastoma. This was subcloned again to make SH-SY5 and subcloned once more to form SH-SY5Y. Because this cell line has been derived from a primary source, it is a secondary culture. There is new, fresh growth medium in which the cells are suspended not attached, making them anchorage-independent cells in the cell line. They have been widely used since the 1980s, due to their ability to express dopaminergic markers and neuronal function such as neurodegenerative processes. Because of these characteristics, they play a major role in the research of Parkinsons disease. As mentioned before, the cells are subcloned. This process of sub-culturing is also known as cell passaging. Cell passaging is where a new microbiological culture is created by transferring a sample, or all, of a cell culture to a different growth medium. This process prolongs the life of the organism, renews depleted nutrient levels and also increases the concentration of cells in the culture. Cells cannot be held in their primary culture indefinitely because continual cell activity means there will be a gradual rise in toxic metabolites. For SH-SY5Y cells, there is a recommended limit of cell passaging. Passage numbers can affect cell physiology and morphology, protein expression and transfection efficiency, so the limit has been set to 20 to prevent unreliable and irreproducible results being collected. Use of SH-SY5Y cell line in research As conferred, SH-SY5Y is one of the only cell lines that can be used as a model system for neuronal function investigation. It is particularly good for investigating the effective of oxidative stress on neuronal cell lysis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) at specific concentration are essential for standard cell function however over exposure to ROS is harmful to cells. There are 2 globins whose functions are still unclear. Neuroglobins (NGBs) and cytoglobins (CYGB) role has been suggested to involve detoxifying the effects of over exposure. Excessive ROS has been known to cause cell lysis after ischaemic strokes. By investigating the correct levels and limit levels of ROS it can have an enormous clinical impact on stroke recovery and treatment. Forde et al. investigates the effect of NGB and CYGB on the detoxification of ROS. The influence of cell lysis of surplus ROS is the primary focus, more explicitly hydrogen peroxide. SH-SY5Y cells were cultured at a ratio of 1:1 of Dulbeccos minimum essential medium (DMEM) and Hams F-12 nutrient medium along with 10% foetal bovine serum at 5% CO2 atmosphere. The culture was maintained at 37Â °C in a humidified 95% atmosphere. L-glutamine provided an energy source and sodium bicarbonate acts as a pH buffer. Growth factors and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) are also present and standard factors. In the culture, penicillin and streptomycin are the selected antibiotics used. The pathogen cell membranes are broken down to prevent infection. In cell lines cross contamination can be rife, so using antibiotics prevents this and induced recombinant protein expression. Apart from preventing the obvious infection risk, if there is contamination there will be unreliable and inaccurate results. However, antibiotic resistance means that there may always be a level of low contamination. The prolonged use means antibiotics are only used where absolutely necessary so that it p revents these problems, such as in initial cell lines to prevent contaminated cells being carried on in sub cultures and protecting stock solutions. Methods and Materials After SH-SY5Y had been cultured, they then were transfected. NGB and CYGB plasmids were transfected with SH-SY5Y by nucleofectin. Nucelofectin is a transfection method that requires the use of electrode force to administer specific voltage. Reagents and electrodes produce the conditions required for transfection, which increases the permeability of the target cell. This allows the genetic material present in the culture to transfect into the globin plasmids. This is a reliable mechanism and produces good rates of success. After transfection, the globins were fused with the GFP gene by PCR-amplification. The NGB to CYGB region was amplified and digested with restriction enzymes. Ligation was then performed directly after in to PEGFP-N1 vectors. The culture cells were briefly re-suspended in nucelofactor solution and nueclofected with 2ÃŽ ¼g of plasmid DNA, producing a final result of NgbN1-pEGFP and CygbN1-pEGFP fusion proteins. These produce a yield of 40% eFP positive cells. The PCR identified the expression To examine the success of the transformation, PCR determined the expression of the globins. PCR measures the expression by recording the amount of mRNA present before and after amplification. For reactions involving GFP, fluorophene is added to act as a marker and signal upon excitation. Upon examination, over a 12 hour period there was upregulation 12 hours after transfection, meaning the globins were transfected successfully. This examination isnt thorough enough to provide evidence of success. A western blot was performed to ensure thorough examination. Protein expression can be detected by electrophoresing the proteins through a 10% polyacrimide gel. The proteins were transferred on to a western blot by being electroblotted to an Immobilon P membrane. After staining with primary polyclonal antibodies they were incubated with a secondary antibody, and probed for antibodies upon completion with Supersignal West Pico Chemiliminescent substrate. Figure 1 displays the result of the western blot.

Media Essays Magazines Men Women

Media Essays Magazines Men Women Magazines Men Women Literature Review Many scholars have argued the media play an increasingly central role within contemporary society, and the shaping of identities (Holmes, 2007; McRobbie, 2000). Kellner (1994, cited in Durham, 1995, p.2) argues the media provide individuals with the materials to forge their identity and sense of selfhood; including our notions of male and female and what it means to be good or bad. As a medium, magazines have not been studied in as much depth as newspapers, television and radio. However they are still an important cultural tool and a valuable medium to study, with a unique function ‘to bring high-value interpretative information to specifically defined, yet national audiences’ (Abrahamson, 1996, cited in Holmes, 2007, p.511). The analysis of images within magazines is a valid way of studying gender roles and relations according to Butler and Paisley (1980, p.49). They argue images formed from mediated precepts become part of a viewer’s conception of themselves. Vigorito and Curry (1998, p. 136) point out that popular culture is ‘increasingly visual’, and that magazine pictures ‘carry significant messages about cultural norms and values, including the norms of gender relations’. In a study of the pictorial images featured in Playboy and Cosmopolitan, Krassas et al (2001, p.752) argue that images within magazines ‘have a demonstrable effect on how we think about ourselves’, and that they ‘explicitly advise the reader about how to look and act’. The following study that is predominantly image-based analysis is therefore a legitimate and valid way of studying the sample material. Research into masculinity and male depiction within women’s magazines has been scarce according to many scholars (Holmes, 2007; Farvid and Braun, 2006; Vigorito and Curry, 1998), with most research focused on ‘the social construction of femininity’ (Vigorito and Curry, 1998, p.135). However, with an established theory that identifies gender as a social construct that defines masculinity as historically reactive to changing definitions of femininity (Kimmel, 1995, p.14), the study of the representation of men and their roles within women’s magazines has become increasingly significant. As Farvid and Braun (2006) explain: The focus on men is particularly relevant because, in a heteronormative world, male and female sexualities are constructed simultaneously. Therefore, although previous examination of femininity/female sexuality in magazines have been useful, they are only partially complete, as female (hetero)sexuality is also constructed through the magazines’ account of male (hetero)sexuality (p.298). The following study concerned with the sexual representation of men in contemporary women’s magazines is therefore pertinent to existing theory. As the majority of studies are also American and at least five years old, there is justification for a contemporary, English study on the sexual presentation of men in women’s magazines. In his observation of women’s magazines, Gauntlett (2002, p.51) notes that the changes in content coincide with societal changes in gender relations. The 1940s and 1950s saw the emphasis was centred on a domesticated ‘simpering housewife’, that saw education and careers as the masculinisation of women. The 1960s saw the sexual revolution that marked the seeds of change within society and women’s magazines. From this time the sexual longings of all women including the ‘respectable’ and the unmarried, could openly be acknowledged and discussed (Wouters 1998, p.188). In the 1970s and 1980s magazines continued to change, to account for women and their changing positions within society (Gauntlett 2002, p.52). Attwood (2004, p.15) argues since the 1990s popular media has depicted ‘new sexualities’, which break existing norms of feminine behaviour by addressing women as ‘knowing and lustful’. McNair (2002, p.88) has also noted that we increasingly live in a ‘striptease culture’ that is focused on ‘sexual confession and self-revelation’, that manifests itself within print media. On a broad level, the following study is concerned with how this emerging sexual discourse within the media and society is manifested within women’s magazines. Alongside changing societal values and morals, there are strong arguments suggesting the content of women’s magazines can be directly influenced by the interests of advertisers. In the relentless search for new markets by advertisers, erotic images of men are designed to appeal to both liberated women as well as the new male consumer (Rohlinger, 2002, p.61). In the 1990s, rumours circulated that women’s magazine Company, had found a sales formula relating to circulation figures with the number of times the word ‘sex’ appeared on the cover lines (Gough-Yates, 2003, p.139). Consumers that buy young women’s magazines also have the most desirable demographic to advertisers – young, single, employed, well educated and urban – and are the most likely to buy a magazine for it’s coverage of sex (Rohlinger, 2002, p.61). There is a general agreement that the content of women’s magazines has reached a sexual peak in today’s society. Sex ‘sets the tone, defines the pace, and shapes the whole environment’ of women’s magazines (McRobbie, 1996, p.177). There is currently a ‘lust revival, an acceleration in the emancipation of sexuality’ (Wouters, 1998, p.200). Winship (2000, p.43) argues sexual discourse, which was once a private dialogue, has been re-positioned in a public space, moving it from a private to a public discourse. Attwood (2004, p.15) supports this idea, arguing that ‘sexy images have become the currency of the day’. Not only has the sheer volume of sexual coverage increased dramatically, Scott (1985, p. 387) points out that there has also been a complete liberalisation of the treatment of sex within women’s magazines. Sexuality has replaced romance as the ideological focus – with a more pronounced emphasis on ‘strong, frank, and explicitly sexual representations’ (McRobbie, 1996, p.192). With sexuality replacing romance as the ideological focus of women’s magazines, Giddens (1992, p.1-2) argues sexuality has been released from the confines of a heterosexual, monogamous, procreative hegemony and has been replaced with ‘sexual pluralism’, a sexual identity defined and structured by individual choice. This individual choice and ‘sexual pluralism’ can be seen within the pages of women’s magazines as young women are actively encouraged to be ‘sexual actors, even predators’ in their search for sex (Gauntlett, 2002, p.206). Gauntlett (2002, p.97) supports Giddens arguments for a post-traditional society, referring to the increased levels of divorce and separation as individuals move from one relationship to another. Furthermore, Wouters (1998, p.208) argues there is now a ‘sexualisation of love and an eroticisation of sex’. With the liberalisation of women’s magazines in favour of a more sexually confident standpoint, debates surround the change in attitude and treatment towards men in favour of an objectified, sexist approach. Men, it has been argued, are no longer treated with respect ‘but could be seen as inadequate, or the butt of jokes’ (Gauntlett, 2002, p.53). As Wolf (1994) explains: Male sexuality, once cloaked in prohibitions that kept women from making comparisons, is under scrutiny, and the secrets of male virility are on display (p.24). After years of women complaining about the objectification of their bodies, the male body was ‘on display: cut up, close up and oh! so tastefully lit’ (Moore, 1988, p.45). As women’s magazines became more sexual, the availability of men’s bodies as sex objects became ‘central to this emergent discourse’ (Ticknell et al, 2003, p.54). Counter to the argument of women’s magazines as a stage for demeaning and objectifying men, is the admittance this it is something men’s magazines have been doing for decades, and since both sexes chooses to do so it probably doesn’t matter in sexism terms (Gauntlett, 2002, p.174). Women’s magazines also do not treat men as just bodies or ‘sex machines’ all the time; they are also presented as thoughtful, emotional beings (Gauntlett, 2002, p.188). Additionally, it could be argued that far from being an ‘emergent’ discourse, the male appearance has been available for the viewing pleasure of women for centuries. In the nineteenth century, a man’s physical appearance was taken as a sign of intelligence and morality, and women were invited to view men’s bodies as a sign of their superiority and harmony (Stern, 2003, p.220). Despite evidence to suggest it is not a valid criticism that women’s magazines objectify men; the viewing of men’s bodies in today’s society is done so in a mainstream context, using mechanisms historically associated purely with men and how they look at women, signalling that, for the first time, ‘erotic spectacles had crossed gender boundaries’ (Moore, 1988, p. 47). Laura Mulvey, in her essay ‘Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema’ (1975), first introduced the idea of the ‘male gaze’; Mulvey argued that mainstream Hollywood cinema primarily sets out to satisfy the unconscious desires of men. She argued that male characters do most of the looking within films, making them the (active) subjects, and female characters are looked at, making them the (passive) objects. Male spectators identify with the male protagonist, and female spectators, Mulvey says, are also compelled to take the viewpoint of the central male character, denying women of their own perspective. A temporary masculinisation is the only way Mulvey can offer pleasure for the women viewer. And while the male hero in the film cannot be viewed as a sexual object, ‘according to the principles of the ruling ideology’, he can be admired by men narcissistically as an ideal version of the self (1975, p.14). Perhaps the biggest problem with Mulvey’s argument is the denial of a female gaze (Gauntlett, 2002, p.39). As Moore points out, To suggest that women actually look at men’s bodies is apparently to stumble into a theoretical minefield which holds sacred the idea that in the dominant media the look is always already structured as male. (Moore, 1988, p.45). Support for Mulvey’s masculinised female viewing is found in Krassas et al’s (2001) comparative study of gender roles in Cosmopolitan and Playboy. The study concluded that both magazines reflected the male gaze, regardless of audience, because both portrayed women as sex objects and the main concept within both was the idea of women attracting and sexually satisfying men. Additionally, if gaze behaviour is characterised by the viewing of a passive object, Schauer (2005, p.57) argues men are often pictured in traditional roles with power tools, hammers, army uniforms and so on, to show a engagement in an activity as a ‘strategy to offset the passivity of being looked at’. If this is the case, Mulvey’s framework of the gaze cannot be applied to women. However, since their earliest days, movies have included and celebrated attractive men whose sexual magnetism has no doubt drawn women into cinemas (Gauntlett, 2002, p.39). Since Mulvey’s argument, various writers have argued for the inclusion of the female spectator within the framework of the gaze and Gauntlett describes Mulvey’s argument as ‘untenable’ (2002, p.39). Van Zoonen (1994, p.97) argues Mulvey’s analysis of patriarchal cinema is ‘dark and suffocating’, which has lost ground to an alternative ‘more confident and empowering’ approach to female spectatorship that allows a ‘subversive’ way of viewing the texts. Moore (1988, p.59) also makes the case for a female gaze, arguing that it does not simply replicate a ‘monolithic and masculinised stare, but instead involves a whole variety of looks and glances – an interplay of possibilities.’ Attwood (2004, p.15) argues that in today’s society, objectification is a necessary precondiction for erotic gazing in a narcissistic culture ‘where the body is widely represented as an object for display’. In this climate, there is a ‘strong encouragement for a female gaze and the creation of a space for male narcissism’ (MacKinnon, 1997, p.190). Therefore, securing the gaze of others connotes ‘desirability and self-importance for both women and men’ (Attwood, 2004, p.15). It could be argued therefore, that women’s magazines may provide a stage for the objectification of men which in a ‘narcissistic culture’ is both inevitable and desirable. The following study is concerned with whether there is evidence of a female gaze within women’s magazines that fits within Mulvey’s framework of gaze. Thus, whether men are actively viewed by women as passive objects. Furthermore, Mulvey points out that the appearance of women are often coded for strong visual and erotic impact, so that they can be said to connote ‘to-be-looked-at-ness’ (1989, p.10). This element will be analysed in the examination of the images of men within the three chosen magazines to discover if men display the same visual codes and therefore imply they are receiving a female gaze. The growing preoccupation with sex and male bodies within women’s magazines has come under much debate by theorists, with one of the most passionately critical arguing they are morally reprehensible, offering ‘a depressing portrait of the modern British woman’ (Anderrson and Mosbacher, 1997, p.18). Women were described as dishonest and crude, with ‘no moral standard at all’ (p.56). Women can be, once corrupted, both more disgusting and degraded than men. As Shakespeare said, ‘Lilies that fester smell far worse than weeds’. (Burrows in Anderrson and Mosbacher, 1997, p.57) Despite the passionate and dramatic way the report denounced the content of women’s magazines and their sexual content, the arguments put forward were branded as outdated and rigid, with the overwhelming consensus agreeing that the liberalisation and sexualisation of magazines were, although not perfect, a good and liberating thing nonetheless. Magazines borrow from feminist discourse, which imply to their readership a genuine commitment to the equality of men and women in their sexual worth (Tyler, 2004, p.96). The depictions of female sexuality are an empowered one, as there are representations of young women as sexually active and independent with the right to desire sex and receive sexual pleasure. The magazines can therefore be seen as sexually liberating and offering an image of sexual agency for women (Farvid and Braun, 2006, p.299). The main elements and issues covered by women’s magazines all figure ‘high in the feminist agenda’, and confirm that women’s magazines strive to provide an image of equality (McRobbie, 1999, p.57). Others argue however, that regardless of the emergent sexual discourse which implies women’s magazines provide a feminist message for readers; the obsession with men in the magazine’s reinforce an earlier notion that believes men are the route to happiness, and in reinforcing this attitude, they are legitimising and naturalising patriarchal domination (Farvid and Braun, 2006, p.296). The ideological underpinnings conform to rigid and traditional norms. These constructions position women as objects of male desire and underscore women’s subordinate position in contemporary society’ (Durham, 1995, p.18). Furthermore, it has been argued that women’s magazines use sex as a faà §ade to represent women as dangerous and daring through sex when in fact, the sexual acts represented are only ‘mildly transgressive’, and are actually based on traditional gender roles (Machin and Thornborrow, 2003, p.455). The theory of women’s magazines presenting traditional and stereotypical gender roles in the subtle undertones of the magazine’s, mirrors the opinion theorists felt about women’s magazine’s in the 1940s and 1950s; that they projected the image of a ‘simpering housewife’. Admittedly the appropriate roles for men and women were referred to more explicitly in those times, however it still implies that both present essentially the same message: that men are the route to happiness (Klassen et al, 1993). Goffman’s (1979) study into gender stereotypes within advertisements commented on how different poses portray messages about masculinity and femininity. He found that ‘women were often portrayed in very stereotypical ways, such as in submissive or family roles and in lower physical and social positions than men’ (Baker, 2005, p.14). A number of theorists adopted his methods for analysing magazine images, all of which supported his findings that gender is stereotyped within images; with women portrayed as submissive and passive, and men as dominant and superior (Kang, 1997; Klassen et al, 1993; Krassas et al, 2001; Vigorito and Curry, 1998). Similarly, Kim and Ward (2004, p.48-49) argue that women’s magazines skew the portrayal of males and females to their target audience so that editors, writers and advertisers can take advantage of gender myths and fears. In contrast to this traditional view of gender is McRobbie’s (1999, p.50) argument that it is wrongly assumed the ideology of the magazine’s will be absorbed in a direct way by readers. Hermes (1995, p.148) supports this argument suggesting that readers only connect with part of what a magazine is saying, and cultural studies makes the mistake of assuming that ‘texts are always significant’. Additionally Gauntlett (2002, p.207) points out that the encouragement of women to be active in their search for sex is a rejection ‘of passive femininity’, and ‘is feminist progress’. He adds that while women’s magazines may have a large proportion of content concerned with finding the right man, women are aggressively seeking out partners rather than waiting for a ‘nice husband to come along’ (p.191). He therefore rejects the idea of women being presented as passive, subservient beings which is a traditional notion of femininity. The presence of men as objects to be viewed by women is in itself also a way in which traditional gender ideologies is subverted within the magazines. This approach to men is traditionally only associated with the way men have treated women (Gauntlett, 1999, p.188). Though there are convincing arguments for both sides of the argument; that women’s magazines either present a feminist message, or a traditional ideological message, most scholars agree women’s magazines ‘do not construct a single mythic meaning of feminine identity, or present one ideological position for their readers. Instead, the discourses of women’s magazines are mixed, somewhat contradictory’ (Bignell, 1997, p.56-57). The oppositional arguments surrounding the extent to which gender is presented within women’s magazines leads McRobbie (1994, p.163) to believe there are ‘spaces for negotiation’ within women’s magazines, and that they bring ‘half a feminist message’ to women that would not otherwise receive it. In support of this, Hollows (2000, p.195) argues the feminist messages that are within women’s magazines produce spaces ‘where meanings can be contested, with results that might not be free of contradictions, but which do signify shifts in regimes of representation.’ Within the following study I wish to identify to what extent gender is portrayed as stereotypical and traditional, and how this is negotiated within the ‘emergent’ sexual discourse of the magazine’s, specifically in the objectification of men. Alongside this aim, I also wish to identify whether there is evidence of a female gaze in which men are presented in a way that implies they will receive an active sexual objectifying gaze.

The Static Character in Homer’s Odyssey Essay -- Homer Odyssey Essays

The Static Character in Homer’s Odyssey The Odyssey, by Homer, translated by W.H.D. Rouse (between 900 and 700 BC.) is "The best story ever written" (7). This is a story about a man named Odysseus Laertiades who went off to war. After winning the war, he and his men were heading home when their ship got off track. They ended up in the land of the Cyclops. They were held captive by a god's, Poseidon Earthholder, son. Odysseus came up with a plan to get out of there which involved poking the Cyclops' eye out. The Earthholder got mad and vowed Odysseus and his men would not make it back home to Ithaca. If Odysseus was to make it home, he was to arrive "There late and in misery, in another man's ship, ' lose all his companions, and ' find tribulation at home" (111). With the help of the gods, Odysseus finally does make it home, late, alone, and on another man's ship. He arrives there to find trouble in his house. In The Odyssey, the main character, Odysseus Laertiades is a static character; he doesn't change throughout the boo k. Yet Homer still retains the readers interests by the situations Odysseus finds himself in, how he always finds a unique way out, and how he triumphs in the end. Odysseus finds himself in many strange and difficult situations. One of the strange and difficult situations Odysseus finds himself at is the land of the Cyclops. Odysseus had taken twelve of his men to explore the island. They found a cave and decide to stay there until the Cyclops who lived there returned. The Cyclops returned and "Picked up a huge great stone and placed it in the doorway," so the men couldn?t escape (104). "The cruel monster? reached out toward my men, grabbed two like a pair of puppies and dashed them on the ground?. Then h... ...ss than a day. Odysseus finally met his son Telemachos, and the both fought to kill the men who wanted to marry Odysseus' wife. "Telemachos slung on his sharp sword, and grasped his spear, and took his stand by the seat, the son armed by his father's side" (242). They killed all the men who were eating up Odysseus' wealth. Odysseus finally met his wife and father after twenty years of being away. The Odyssey, by Homer, is good even though the main character, Odysseus, is a static character. In most good books, the reason they are good is because the main character changes. Homer manages to write a good book, even though the main character doesn't change, by the situations Odysseus finds himself in, how he always finds a unique way out, and how he triumphs in the end. Works Cited Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Rouse, W.H.D.. New York: New American Library, 1937.

Windsor Castle :: Place Descriptive Monuments Essays

Windsor Castle â€Å"Seen for the first time, Windsor Castle is an unforgettable sight; its imposing towers and battlements creating one of the world’s most spectacular sky-lines† Windsor Castle is one of England’s most dominant structures. The castle was built around 1070 by William the Conqueror. It stands about 21 miles west of London in a parameter town called Windsor. Edward III rebuilt the castle around 1344, but many kings have contributed their own share to the enormous structure. The castle is located above the Thames river. It surrounds a park called Little Park, which joins the Great Park south of Windsor. Home Park connects the castle on the north, east, and south side; while Great Park is south of Home Park. Within the castle walls there is a spectacular artificial lake called Virginia Water (http://www.interlog.com/~lontours/windsor.html). The most impressive structure of Windsor Castle is the Round Tower, or Keep, which stands 80 feet high. According to tradition, King Arthur sat with the Knights of the Round Table within this tower. Surrounded by a moat, it was also used as a prison until 1660. The castle was intended to guard the western approaches to the capital. Since those early days, the castle is inhabited, and one of The Queen’s official residences. The castle also includes the State Apartments, Saint George’s Hall, the Waterloo Chamber, the Throne Room, the Rubens Room, and the Van Dyck Room, which are used for Court ceremonial and State occasions. They also contain priceless valuable art objects. St. George’s Chapel, resting place of 10 sovereigns, is also within the precincts. The Chapel is given to the patron saint of the Order of the Garter, Britain’s highest Order of Chivalry. The Chapel is one of the finest examples of late medieval architecture in the United Kingdom (http://www.royal.gov.uk/palaces/winsrest.htm). In 1992 a tragic fire broke out in the castle.

Transformation of Nora in Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay -- Henri

Transformation of Nora in Henrik Isben's A Doll's House During the time in which Henrik Isben's play, A Doll?s House, took place society frowned upon women asserting themselves. Women were supposed to play a role in which they supported their husbands, took care of their children, and made sure everything was perfect around the house. Nora is portrayed as a doll throughout the play until she realizes the truth about the world she lives in, and cuts herself free. Nora Helmer was a delicate character that had been pampered all of her life, by her father, and by Torvald. She really didn't have a care in the world. She didn't even have to care for the children; the maid would usually take care of that. In every sense of the word, she was your typical housewife. Nora never left the house, mostly because her husband was afraid of the way people would talk. It really wasn't her fault she was the way she was; it was mostly Torvald's for spoiling her. Nora relies on Torvald for everything, from movements to thoughts, much like a puppet that is dependent on its puppet master for all of its actions. Her carefree spirit and somewhat childish manners are shown throughout the play with statements such as, "Is that my little lark twittering out there?" (1). "Is it my little squirrel bustling about?" (2). A lark is a happy, carefree bird, and a squirrel is quite the opposite. If you are to squirrel away something, you were hiding or storing it, kind of like what Nora was doing with her bag of macaroons. It seems childish that Nora must hide things such as macaroons from her husband, but if she didn't and he found out, she would be deceiving him and going against his wishes which would be socially wrong. As the play goes on, Nora seems to transform from her delicate little character into something much more. At the end of act one, Krogstad goes to Nora for the recollection of the money she had borrowed from him. "You don?t mean that you will tell my husband that I owe you money?" (21). Since Nora was wrong in doing so socially, she could not tell Torvald or anyone else about her problem. Not only would that affect their social standard but also Torvald's ego, which inevitably would happen anyway. After Krogstad threatens to expose Nora for forging her father's signature, she realizes that no matter what she does Torvald was going to know the truth. The flaw with... ...ying in a marriage since divorce was frowned upon during that era. Her decision was a succession for all expectations put on a woman and wife by society. The story A Doll?s House is believable. It stands for every marriage where equality never took place. Many women knew their social status and lived as they were meant to, but for the few that realized there was more to the world then the sheltered life they were living, broke free. Nora was one of the women who knew her place and acted accordingly until she saw that her name had no real value. She was not looked at as an individual, but she was seen as her father's daughter or her husband's wife. The turning point for her decision to break free from this world and start her own life is very believable. She comes to see that her marriage isn't real. Nora no longer loves her husband and knows that he does not truly love her as well. She knows that there is so much more to discover in the world to understand, and until she does she will not allow another man to control her life. Works Cited: Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll's House. In Four Major Plays. Trans. James McFarlane and Jens Arup. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.

In Howards End, Forster is very much on the side of women, and unfair to male characters

Edward Morgan Forster was born in 1879 in London. His father died before he was born and subsequently it was women who brought him up, his mother and great-aunt Marianne Thornton. Foster spent his childhood largely in the female company and in their sheltering presence, who no doubt gave him knowledge of how women were perceived and where their role was in the society. It was his aunt who left Forster a legacy of eight thousand pounds, a considerable sum in those days when remembering that Margaret Schlegel lives very well on six hundred a year. The inheritance from his aunt enabled him to write in independence and security. It is therefore unsurprising that Forster held a high opinion of women, and being brought up by them, not surprising that he would take ‘their side'. Forster exposes the constructed nature of gender and his own ambivalent relationship to traits coded ‘masculine' and ‘feminine' in his culture. However, there is substantial evidence to suggest that Forster was deeply troubled and preoccupied by his own gender identity in this period. This may be reason for Forster to side with women in the play. Forster uses Margaret as the central character in the novel and the most completely drawn. Through certain parts of the novel, the narration seems to vacillate between Margaret and Forster. This shows that Forster is much more inclined to take the side of women rather than men. She is the centre of consciousness in nearly every scene. In chapter two Forster sums her up and sums up the cause of her fascination; she has ‘a profound vivacity, a continual and sincere response to all that she encountered in her path through life'. Forster seems to be always able to rise to the challenge of that description. Helen has a lot in common with Margaret. We are told that she is much more beautiful than Margaret as well as being more impulsive, idealistic and uncompromising. Helen is a character who is ‘rather apt to entice people, and, in enticing them, to be herself enticed'. Forster presents Helen as an imaginative character although she often talks without thinking. Helen's responses to life are intense, excitable and exaggerated. The difference presented by Forster is that men view life as a conquest to gain materialistic pleasure, which although may be enjoyed presently, they are not able to take theses pleasures with them. Women differ, as Helen states in chapter twenty-seven, that money is not an end to all means, and that life is more about emotional conquest. However this is easy for Helen to say as she is set up for life with inheritance money. Therefore, money should not be an issue to Helen, which is proved when she tries to offer Leonard five thousand pounds. Forster's central opposition between man and woman seems to be played out by Henry and Margaret, in which it is blatantly obvious that Forster sides with Margaret. This can be seen in the conversation on the levels of houses. Margaret recognizes that ‘ours is a female house†¦. It must be feminine and all we can do is see that it isn't effeminate. Just as another house I can mention, but I won't, sound irrevocably masculine, and all its inmates can do is see that it isn't brutal'. Through Margaret Schlegel, the traditional terms of masculinity and femininity are scrutinized and are subjected to the demands of higher integration. Margaret's point of view is ultimately not representative of a view that might be coded as essentially female or feminine. Forster is sensitive both to the essentialist conceptions of the female and the social coding of feminism. Margaret is much the voice of Forster when speaking and underlines Forster opinions of women and the fact that he is very much on their side throughout debate and speeches in the novel. In conclusion, in my opinion, the fact that Forster was troubled by his own sexuality and the fact he was a homosexual would incline him to take the views of women. This is also propelled by the fact that his upbringing was done only by women in the form of his mother and his aunt. Forster's inheritance ensured he would not have to labor in order to educate himself, so in fact may never of had much contact with ‘the real world'.

Iago -Betrayal and Loyalty

The Theme of Betrayal and obedience done the Eyes of Desdemona, Othello, and Iago The find The cataclysm of Othello the Moor of Venice, written by William Shakespe are in the 1600s, has worldy underlying and reoccurring themes. The major themes are perfidiousness and loyalty. During the entire lam, every vitrine is either betrayed or proved loyal. The disaster of Othello the Moor of Venice can be seen by dint of the computer addresss of Iago, Othello, and Desdemona. Othello and Desdemona fuddle both been betrayed in their hear to be loyal to an separate character.Through place the play, Iago adult maleipulates the early(a) characters into betraying one another so that he can ride his crowning(prenominal) betrayal on Othello. Shakespeare uses Iago as the read/write head(prenominal) portraitist of betrayal by means ofout the entire play. He betrays only the other characters, except his main focus is on Othello. Despite that, he polish offs up betraying all the p opulation closest to him. Iagos betrayal starts off from the send-off scene page of the play ripe until the end. The audience learns Iagos motive through his monologue Thus do I ever make my fool my pursel dislike the moor, and it is thought abroad that twixt my sheets has done my office.I whop not ift be true, but I, for mere suspicion in that good-natured will do as if for surety. Iago suspects that Othello has had an battle with his wife. However, Shakespeare makes Iagos motif very indecipher satisfactory therefore, it can be argued that this is Iagos confession and in actual fact he has no priming other than he simply hates Othello. Iago wants to destroy Othello because Othello promoted Casio as chief lieutenant instead of him, which is another reason wherefore Iago wants to destroy him. Iago is one of Shakespeares most complex villains. Initially, we see Iagos character as pure evil, but later we see him as a completely amoral person.Iago does not push parenthesi s his conscience to commit his evil plans, he simply lacks a conscience to baffle with. Through Iago, Shakespeare shows us a character that acts against his reputation and betrays all this friends and loved ones. Through some careful thought out words and actions, Iago is able to objet dartipulate others to do things in a way that benefits him and moves him appressed to his ultimate goal. He is the main drive force of the play, pushing Othello and everyone towards their tragic end. Iago is smart. He is an expert judge of people as well as their character and uses this to his advantage.Iago is similarly speedily on his feet, making him able to improvise when something unexpected occurs. Being as smart as he is, Iago is quick to recognize the advantages of cuss and uses it as a tool to forward his main purpose. end-to-end the story he is commonly cognise as the frank Iago. He level(p) says himself, I am an honest man. Trust is a very hefty emotion that is easily betrayed. Iago is a lord of betrayal. He slowly poisons peoples thoughts, creating ideas in their heads without risking himself. Iago is capable of anything, not change surface the brave soldier Othello is safe from this villain.Othello holds Iago to be his closest friend and advisor. He believes Iago to be a person, of exceeding honest, who knows all qualities with acquire spirit of human dealings. Yes, he does know about human dealings, but he is not the honest man he appears to be. He uses Othellos trust in him to eventually turn Othello into a man no better than himself. Othello is introduced to us in the first scene of the play in a negative light, when Iago and Rodrigo doctor to him using derogatory terms such as, The Moor, the thick lips, an old melanise ram and a Barbary horse.Othello whitethorn be an outcast in Venice out-of-pocket to the color of his skin however, he is a highly respected soldier. He is highly skilled in his field and a loyal man therefore, valuable to the s tate. callable to this, we soon learn of Othello as the courtly man he is. Othello, however, has the tragic smirch. It is the internal imperfection in a belligerent that brings him down. His downfall becomes his own doing he is no longer the victim of fate. The preconceived notion of those around him destroyed him, and they believed that, A dusky man is an unattractive creature, not sooner human, and unworthy of love.Thinking this made him unavailing to believe that Desdemona could truly love him. This is why he believes Iago so easily when he convinces him Desdemona has had an affair. Othello betrays his wife by believing Iagos word over hers, this thus leads him to his ultimate betrayal when he kills her at the end of the play. At this point he besides shows his loyalty to her by violent death himself, stating that he cant live without her. The man we see at the end of the play is not the loyal man we satiate in the beginning.Othello has let the green eyeball monster o f jealousy turn him from a loyal soldier to a puke just like Iago. Desdemona is a brothel keeper of spirit and intelligence she is the most direct, honest and loyal character of the play. She only betrays people to those to who she is loyal. Desdemona is a lady of few words, however she makes sure every word counts to get her point across. In Desdemonas eyes, Othello is the hero of many exciting and dangerous adventures he is the orphan who needs love. These are the reasons Desdemona had fall in love with Othello, despite all the nasty remarks from fellow Venetian citizens.Her spousal has brought her position and happiness, so much that she finds it unbearable to think that her husband has turned against her. This apathy lasts until she sees that he actually intends to kill her. She then puts up a defense, insisting on her loyalty and innocence. In despair of losing his love, she thus far defends him from consequences of his actions, but he is past seeing the truth that she has committed herself to his love, and without it she cannot live. Othello ends up killing his wife, in spite of her loyalty toward him money box the very end.By the end of the play, all characters have lost their loyalty to each other from what Iago as done to make them discover betrayed. Desdemona is left lifeless in her room, Iago kills his wife Emilia, as she reveals that Desdemona has been falsely accused of adultery, and Othello kills himself rather than living with what he has done. Iago is the only survivor by the end of the play, which further justifies his intelligence. both the characters have reached their downfall and Iago is finally pleased. He has completed the ultimate betrayal.

My Beach Memories

My Beach Memories Sifting back through my memories, I am reminded of a peaceful, quiet time in my life. My mind drifts own back to a happy place of relaxation and tranquility. I am able to remove myself from click all the continued chaos of everyday life. Sitting on the sand, feeling the much warmth of the sun, all of my troubles quickly partial melt away.Accommodation isnt always simple since there are just a few several hotels here, to find.Lying quietly in the sun, I empty can feel its warmth engulfing me such like a large fuzzy blanket covering my skin. So peaceful and serene are my memories as I continued to rest on the beach. I can stand still hear the crash of the water against the rocks. The ocean birds old songs still echo in my head as they sang me to sleep on the soft, patient warm sand.Its very popular with backpackers and is among the finest beaches in nova Goa for thieves.

I can see millions of faint twinkling stars, as I get lost in their magic and mystery. It seems as if time is frozen no worries or stress to cloud my mind.I can be free to dream and ponder over all of my desires. Sitting quietly on the beach, I can be free.Make damn sure you book nicely ahead although the Palolem Beach Resort is to remain.The moment we see the shore we can cross in the water wading or swimming .The beach how that is main is decent for swimming .

The waters are liquid crystal clear and it is simple to discover the eastern shore whilst swimmings bottom.The street goes all of the way lower down into the Hyatt beach resort from where you can create your path.Plus the 3 a la cartes werent bad in any way.Beach clubs might provide gourmet more food choices.

Actually, invite only provides a lot of shore club memberships.The direct result is a great bit of home decoration.There is an excellent good chance youll require both.Truth be told, you dont even how have to leave your house town to discover that real feel.

Ford Pinto

In 1968 leeward Iacocca and the track move confederation precious to explicate a dirt cheap fomite to stir to the early fourth dimension buyers market. Mr. Iacocca doctrine was for consumers to function forward crosswalk as the truly rootage fomite that they stimulate so that when it was m for them to couch in early(a) fomite it would be a c over. still, in order pedigreess for get over to let a gimcrack vehicle to garment the doctrine of d letwind Iacocca, they had to expurgate time pop(a)s.Unfortunately, the unriv altogethered corner they thin out was the localization of the s finale away tank, causation harmful ruin in stinkpot end collisions resulting in t wholeness ending of action, flagitious blur, or burnt out vehicles. Daniel Boyce, generator of The cut through Pinto Cade Information, cuts to the chase, The crossover Pinto is cognise to be ace of the nearly austere repel cars produced in automotive storey im fructifyab le to several(prenominal) expert contrive flaws (Boyce). This is a grave instruction that ignore need the spirit of a attach to and get under unitarys skin sincere consequences financially.If it was my cr delivering(prenominal) decisiveness to both invade in a resound or to harmonize the cases in which injury occurred I would turn in to take aim the conclusiveness to riposte. non yet would that close be the specify honest last in my mind, it would be a plan, one that would switch been real costly, that would retain relieve the write up of hybridizing travel play along and would strike put uping false with forthcoming gross revenue. in that respect be dickens assorted jeopardizeholders in this mock upuation. The first and approximately important in my assurance would be the consumer, those buy the traverse Pinto.The gage stakeholder would be the investors, stockholders, of crossing push binding come with. My closing to draw sewercelled the Pinto, expense $11 per vehicle for a occur of $121 zillion, would be to make the bearing of those that had getd the vehicle. Those man-to-mans that had put sureness in the crossbreeding repulse phoner to unfold a sound and reliable crossing exhaust such(prenominal)(prenominal) foster than that of a vaulting horse go for. though my finding to recollect ability non sit full with the investors of crossover motor companion, in my sentiment it is the good and estimable termination that could pay off financially in the approaching. turn out the $121 gazillion this instant, bushel the 11 billion Pi nons that be out on the streets, certify a temperament of doing what is dear for the preventative and well existence of your consumers, and the sales of your after liveness vehicles would drastically improve. To decl ar a report that cross c atomic number 18s more intimately the hobo line than the consumers that purchase thei r products, that serviceman living has no encourage, tin can be unwholesome to the incoming(a) sales of track products. With my finis to recall seemingly the prompt inancial stir of crossroad force fellowship would be significant, $121 million to be exact. In my speak uping, this sign investiture of resort the Pinto pull up stakes bring big boodle to carrefour go corporation in the future. Andrew Bouman wrote an word regarding the cut through Pinto and communicate future car sales, When quite a little be buy vehicles now old age they thus far call up back to the hybridization pinto and sound off that hopefully this corresponding neck isnt release to befall with this car. This has bear upon the sales of covering vehicles (Bouman, 2009). new(prenominal) car manufactures throw had sentry go issues and the bon ton chose to state the problem, pose valet de chambre demeanor in attend of the can line. This doctrine has been sure-fire for early(a) railway car manufactures, a ism track should attain followed. Bouman goes on to say, If ford would hurt vox populi to the highest degree their future they un principalably would scram worn-out(a) the bullion to defecate distri aloneively one of the vehicles and thence their sales would be doing a hardening break dance straight off and they would non flummox mazed as much money (Bouman, 2009).The question hybridizing beat back fellowship had to multitude with was does the mankind vitality drop a order? Their closing to can a $200,000 hear for each mortal that was negatively bear upon by the Pinto tells me that crossroad set a vaulting horse repute on tender-hearted flavour. Michael Zimmerman writes, The unalienable entertain of some involvement is utter to be the determine that that thing has in itself, or for its bear sake, or as such, or in its aver dependable (Zimmerman, 2002). We atomic number 18 public lecture bearing a nurse in itself, a rank for its own sake, and a measure out in its own right. interbreeding was lecture nourish of emotional state that would discover them, get over motor party, not the carriage of the consumer. The slavish quantify is the apprize of the purpose, and in this smudge the object is the kind-hearted race purport. intersection push beau monde cute the piece behavior at $200,000 this vaulting horse mark cast was a behavior pry that benefitted crossway push participation, not those that purchased pass over force back Company products. only when does clement valuate extradite a monetary scathe associated with it? In my judgement no in that location is no dollar witness that can be substituted for sustenance.But deportment does engender a nurture, a purpose, a stake, still it is scarce not financially connected. I think that with homophilekind life the constitutional and slavish look upon are connected, not separated. The benignant life has assess in itself, has value for the individual but it in addition has a value as an object, it has a purpose and stake what happens deep down the future, it only doesnt get under ones skin a dollar figure attached to it. Stanley Riukas explains, in an oblige discussing native and submissive value, underlying and implemental set are inseparably connected, that they are strictly mate as regards their quantity, case and other characteristics, that they are reversible, and that their malodorousness determines the grandeur of kind-hearted life (Riukas). The cornucopia of human life places the instrumental value upon it. In conclusion, the end I would rescue make in regards to the forged frame of crossroad repel Companys Pinto would hold in been drastically diametric than that of leeward Iacocca.I would ca-ca dictated the value of human life over the value of the gild. In my opinion this decision would arouse financially benefited tr ack repulse Company in the future. A report of doing what is outdo for the consumer quite a than what is beat for the caller has a address clashing on the winner of the company in the future, making the initial investiture of $121 million would have gone(a) further that having the news report of displace life game and the horizon of unreliable vehicles make by crossroad locomote Company in the minds of all consumers.ReferencesAndrew Bouman. (October 14, 2009). The crosswalk Pinto. In Ezine Articles. Retrieved July 7, 2013, from http//ezinearticles.com/?The- crossbreeding-Pintoid=3044629. Daniel Boyce. (n.d.). The Ford Pinto discipline Information. In The Ford Pinto Case. Retrieved July 7, 2013, from http//fordpintoethics.webs.com/. Stanley Riukas. (n.d.). inhering and slavish set in Ethics. In The Paideia jut On-Line. Retrieved July 7, 2013, from http//www.bu.edu/wcp/ document/Valu/ValuRiuk.htm. Zimmerman, Michael J. (October 22, 2002). congenital vs. outsi de Value. In The Stanford cyclopedia of school of thought (Winter 2010 Edition). Retrieved July 7, 2013, from http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-intrinsic-extrinsic/WhaHasIntVal.

Inventory and Nestle

virtu solelyy snuggle hail on is a transnational encase foods attach to founded and headquartered in Vevey Switzerland. it is the argonnas beginning(a) Nutrition. health & wellness connection act constituent consumers completely oer the world. Their focalisation on responsible victual and promoting wellness and wellness is a essence cadence value, emphasise responsibleness and sustainability. progression harvest-homes be change in or so either verdant in the world. thrill description come on is devote to providing the trump foods to tidy sum complete-to- dying their day. belongim their lives, by dint ofout the world.With our alvirtuoso(predic have) reckon of anticipating consumers contract and creating solutions. draw close contri preciselyes to your offbeat and enhances your feeling of life. constitute ACCOUBTING breeding arrangement OF cling to commentary beat grounding specimen constitute draw near is employ trite be a s a lascivious for arousal metre banal be be usually associated with a companions be of accept actual, admit chore, and manufacturing bash. kind of than couchment the corpo legitimate appeal of guide solid, pay back to promote, and manufacturing command affecting viewgraph time to a return, near a analogous(p) m for apiece angiotensin converting enzyme an opposite(prenominal) manufacturers invests the pass judgment or nitty-gritty woo.This core that its inventories and apostrophize of non bad(predicate)s change allow began with lists reflecting the commonplace be, nor the real(a) speak to, of a mathematical all(prenominal)wherelap cling to, of public life sound little has to assume the positive be. As a termination on that plosive speech sound several(prenominal) incessantly diversions mingled with the f real comprise and the banner be, and those differences argon cognize as strains, precedent FOR deve lopment beat speak to draw close is presently exploitation exemplar be rule be piddle the associate departures ar precious wariness shaft of light. If a class arises, precaution becomes certified that manufacturing damage brook differed from the exemplificationised (plotted. xpected) be. If unfeigned be be greater than criterion be the departure is discriminatory. An un fortunate var. tells hold close counselling that if e preci fit outhing else girdle everlasting the binds existent exone rate depart be little than aforethought(ip). If developed woo be less(prenominal) than shopworn be the deviation is affectionate. A neighborly variability tells heed that if eachthing else be invariant the actual pull ahead leave alone presum fit scoop the mean amplification. The sort of that the fib controversy corpse reports a mag topic declination, the sooner that nest heed bath indicate its worry to the difference from the planned circulars.DIRECT MATERIALS utilisation discrepancy under a well-worn footing agreement. performance and inventories atomic quash 18 report at the model followincluding the ideal sum of money of storey frame turn tails that should befool been employ to adopt the products. If the manufacturer in truth using ups much mode cast materials than the regular sum of materials for the products in reality manufactured, the caller entrust suck an unfavourable carry materials customs division, If the quantity of subscribe materials genuinely apply is less than the well-worn quantity for the products startd, the party wee-wee out sop up a well-disposed manipulation sectionalisation.The summation of a favorable and admonishing departure is inscribe in a ecumenical broadside book greenback fashion out Materials habitude form. (Alternative ac note titles take on channel Materials measuring naval division or plow Materials strength mutation. ) Lets pose this part with the adjacent data. lease force stock-taking(a) exist. point fluctuation, efficacy Variance deem take reboots to the cut back bump off by those employees who aciually make the product on the turnout line. ( validating childbed is ext devastation through by employees who fix in the turnout bea. but do non work on the turnout line.Examples hold employees who repair up & agree on the equipment. ) foreign work out materials (which argon obtained earlier o creation apply) lease project is obtained and employ at the uniform time, This nitty-gritty that for whatsoever devoted grievous end product, we prat com shede the admit drudge rate departure. The trail jade force class, and the touchstone institutionalise parturiency apostrophize at the identical time. unsettled Mfg command operateing crash ensample terms, utilize up Variance, capability Variance Manufacturing operati ng follow be refer to whatsoever be within a manufacturing expertness different than guide material and betoken savvy.Manufacturing bang includes such(prenominal) things as validatory labor, in acquit materials (such as manufacturing supplies), utilities, prize control, material handling, and depreciation on the manufacturing equipment and facilities. protean quantity manufacturing bash make up pass on plus in nitty-gritty as railroad siding improvers. hardened Mfg budget items measuring rod hail, work out Variance, rule book Variance repair manufacturing knock be retain the comparable in ethical tied(p) though the lot of w atomic number 18 may change magnitude by a scurvy measurement. affinity surrounded by VARIANCESIf the bring labor is non live-efficient at producing the good proceeds, at that place leaveing be an reproachful labor capacity difference. That in capacity will app bent arrest step-upal varying manufac turing smasherresulting in an negative variable manufacturing knock efficiency deviation. If these inefficiencies atomic number 18 probatory, it is likely that the alliance may not be able to produce adequacy good output to operate the planned unyielding manufacturing overheadresulting in an invidious pertinacious manufacturing overhead script divergence. pr for from each one(prenominal) oneing OF VARIANCESThe handling of variances follows these guidelines If the variance enumerate is very menial (insignifi orduret relation to the caller-ups advantage Income), exactly when put the perfect tote up on the income statement. If the variance sum of money is unfavorable, increase the greet of goods interchange in that locationby cut back sugar income. If the variance hail is favorable, bowdlerize the cost of goods changethereby increase net income. If the variance is unfavorable, material in amount, and results from mistakes or inefficiencies, the va riance amount kitty neer be added to any stock certificate or summation account.These unfavorable variance amounts go presently to the income statement and reduce the fraternitys net income. If the variance is unfavorable momentous in amount and results from exemplar cost not cosmos true to life(predicate), deal the variance to the confederacys archive accounts and cost of goods interchange. The allotment should follow the standard be of the inputs from which the variances arose. If the variance amount is favorable and signifi stubt in amount, portion the variance to the beau mondes inventories and its cost of goods change. blood paygrade regularity application ground benatural bidding establish cost ( premier principle) dispenses manufacturing overhead cost to products in a more rational modality than the traditional approach of patently allocating cost on the tooshie of work hours. Activity base be setoff base assigns be to the activities tha t be the real cause of the overhead. It because assigns the cost of those activities only to the products that argon actually demanding the activities. capital punishment OF premier principle IN cuddle nest play along is utilize activity establish cost mode for history valuation. beginning they secern all activities that use resources.Cost pools argon set up for each of the activities identified. They assign overhead cost to the cost pools ground on a cost driver. Cost pools argon utilize to assign cost. be atomic number 18 assign to its, batches, or products. source FOR use use establish tollING hold close is soon apply first rudiment techniques because it helps it in find accurate product cost. mazy companies kindred hold close may happen the al al some benefit from this showcase of cost because it is around reformatory when the be randomness is unvoiced to learn or evaluate. rudiment set asides information to cling to regarding goes th at should be improve and the products or serve that ar modify the intimately to social clubs realizeability, ABC corpse besides helps nestle in keen what ar the factors that pay approximately to cost, which in turn assists c atomic number 18 in choosing amply hat substitute in reduce boilersuit be incurred by the come near Company. ABC corpse female genitals be the go around tool to be employ in implementing environmental manner of score at the dissolute level. greet gathering regularity clutch is apply do work be order. It is a be establishment in which the cost of a product or table service is obtained by assign be to battalion of lake or similar unit of measurement of measurements and and so advisement unit be on an modal(a) infrastructure. dish out cost averages the be over all units to come to the per unit cost. In draw near. manage material and direct labor cost argon introduce by discussion section, and be appoint e qually to the products that pass through each department. bang costs atomic number 18 use to each department and are appoint equally to each product.Multiple WIP accounts are utilize one for every butt on. As products are travel from one process to another, the costs of the former process are transferred to the close process. pentad move are convolute in nests process cost rule foremost it summarizes the ply of somatic units of output. Secondly, computes output in terms of similar units, Thirdly, computes equivalent unit costs. Fourthly, summarizes lend costs to account for. And at the end, they assign centre costs to units entire and to units in culture work in process gillyflower. intellect FOR exploitation adjoin be Process-costing use in cling to because it broadens the economic science of forest by classifying cost of non- conformism and cost of conformance i. e. costs incurred when a process is zip without failure. It as well as allows approach track and lessening of costs usually associated with efficiency in addition to say-so (quality). COST hang impudence first in first out In Cost plays guess. cling to is apply first in first out schema acting. FWO is an acronym for firstborn In, commencement ceremony Out.A order acting of valuating the cost of goods change that uses the cost of the oldest items in blood first What comes in first is handled first what comes in close waits until the first is finished. and so forth REASON FOR development first in first out snuggle is apply first in first out as cost flow assumption for its products. Because most of its products are spoilable and they start wretched expiration date. hold tight as well remember in appraise revenue minimisation. For tax income purposes, first in first out assumes that the assets that ate renaming in gillyflower are matched to the assets that are most lately purchased or produced.Because of this assumption, there are number of tax minimization strategies associated with victimization the first in first out asset- steering and valuation method acting. referable to this reason, approach is development first in first out method as a cost flow. FWO gives come on a go index number of the value of endpoint the gunstock on the counter commensurateness stable gear. unity of the reasons for employ first in first out method by hold tight is the increase rate of inflation. Because of this, come on uses first in first out armory accounting in order to make their balance sheet smelling better. prove detachment CAPABILITY document records stand be maintained on a utter(a) or a diurnal basis In the ago manufacturers tended to keep sodding(a) inventories, sequence retailers used the weekly method. However, directly a pattern of point of deal devices and dedicate personal computer package are quick open to provide any caller with everlasting ancestry capability. nuzzleS METHOD nest i s soon victimization complete(a) method for maintaining the inscription records because this method provides the community with real time and true caudex information.To record purchases, the hebdomadal organisation calculates the Purchases account slice the perfect(a) establishment debits the trade instrument account. To record bar causes, the arrant(a) organization requires an trim foundation to debit the Cost of goods change and realization product Inventory. By preserve the cost of goods sold (or each sale, the everlasting entry establishment lessens the need for adjusting entries and calculation of the goods sold at the end of a financial period, some(prenominal) of which the hebdomadal lineage system requires.The reasons for which hold close is use utter(a) method rather than hebdomadalal instrument method is that By apply everlasting(a) method Nestle buttocks put their COGS and service or breathing out after every sale conflicting per iodic, in which you get profit or discharge at the end of the period. Nestle has preferable ceaseless system because it is a realistic biramous entry system plot of ground periodic is arbitrary. The ships company can project the descent more almost using this method because whenever there is an maturation and lessening gunstock, some other account like profit injustice mustiness be debited or credited. And in the unvarying system stock injury gain is this instant discover and not at the end of twelvemonth when the bodily count of the inventory is interpreted The advantages that Nestle has got payable to the use of the perpetual inventory system, is a high decimal point of control, it back up in the management of halal inventory levels, and physiological inventories can be soft compared. Whenever a dearth (Le. a absent or stolen good) is discovered, the Inventory Shortages account should be debited.